Figure 17.

Discriminant function analysis of female and male foramen magnum shapes. Frequencies of discriminant scores predicted by leave-one-out cross-validation are shown as superimposed histograms. Female and male foramen magnum consensus shapes, generated from a population 106 adult crania (53 female crania and 53 male crania, respectively), are demonstrated with wireframe outlines. There was no significant difference between the shape of female and male foramen magnum (Procrustes distance = 0.0082; Mahalanobis distance = 2.363; Hotelling's T-square = 148.07; P > 0.999)