Table 1.
Participant Demographics and Metabolic Parametersa
| CAC scores <10 (n = 18) |
CAC scores ≥10 (n = 32) |
P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 60 ± 13 | 65 ± 7 | .134 |
| Duration (years) | 11 ± 6 | 14 ± 9 | .284 |
| Male/female (n) | 5/13 | 16/16 | .149 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 121 ± 12 | 127 ± 14 | .082 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 73 ± 6 | 74 ± 8 | .877 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.4 ± 1.6 | 7.2 ± 0.9 | -- |
| Ln HbA1c | 1.99 ± 0.19 | 1.97 ± 0.12 | .944 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 32.8 ± 6.4 | 32.6 ± 4.7 | .912 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.8 ± 0.8 | 2.3 ± 1.3 | -- |
| Ln HOMA-IR | 0.48 ± 0.47 | 0.65 ± 0.62 | .319 |
| Leptin (ng/mL) | 28.6 ± 20.3 | 19.6 ± 14.5 | -- |
| Ln leptin | 3.0 ± 0.88 | 2.7 ± 0.77 | .167 |
| Total adiponectin (mg/L) | 8.6 ± 6.8 | 6.0 ± 4.3 | -- |
| Ln total adiponectin | 1.97 ± 0.56 | 1.62 ± 0.59 | .042 |
| 25-hydroxyvitamin D (ng/mL) | 29.9 ± 11.5 | 30.0 ± 10.6 | .979 |
| Parathyroid hormone (pg/mL) | 40.4 ± 17.6 | 33.6 ± 13.9 | .137 |
| Calcium (mg/dL) | 9.5 ± 0.5 | 9.5 ± 0.4 | .808 |
| Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.81 ± 0.21 | 0.89 ± 0.27 | .290 |
| Osteoprotegerin (pmol/L) | 4.2 ± 1.7 | 5.5 ± 2.0 | .026 |
| Osteocalcin (ng/mL) | 7.2 ± 3.0 | 7.2 ± 2.2 | .929 |
| Undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ng/mL) | 3.5 ± 2.2 | 6.4 ± 5.9 | -- |
| Ln undercarboxylated osteocalcin | 0.99 ± 0.77 | 1.4 ± 1.0 | .128 |
Abbreviations: CAC = coronary artery calcification; HbA1c = glycated hemoglobin; HOMA-IR = homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance; Ln = natural logarithmic transformation.
a
Data are presented as mean ± SD.