Table 3. .
Peak Sagittal-, Frontal-, and Transverse-Plane Knee and Hip Kinematics After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury and Subsequent Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Continued on Next Page
| Group |
Sample Size |
Mean ± SD |
Effect Size (95% Confidence Interval) Compared With the Healthy Control Group |
Effect Size (95% Confidence Interval) Compared With the Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Contralateral Limb Group |
|
| Knee-flexion angle, ° | Healthy control | 119 | 23.85 ± 5.07 | NA | 0.03 (−0.21, 0.28) |
| Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction contralateral limb | 136 | 23.65 ± 6.23 | −0.03 (−0.28, 0.21) | NA | |
| Anterior cruciate ligament deficient | 156 | 20.62 ± 5.59 | −0.60 (−0.85, −0.36) | −0.51 (−0.75, −0.28) | |
| 3 mo | 10 | 19.77 ± 5.35 | −0.80 (−1.45, −0.15) | −0.63 (−1.27, 0.02) | |
| 4 mo | 16 | 22.37 ± 5.33 | −0.29 (−0.81, 0.23) | −0.21 (−0.73, 0.31) | |
| 6 mo | 65 | 22.7 ± 6.40 | −0.21 (−0.51, 0.10) | −0.15 (−0.45, 0.14) | |
| 7 mo | 21 | 13.41 ± 9.97 | −1.93 (−2.73, −1.13) | −1.59 (−2.37, −0.81) | |
| 9 mo | 17 | 21.0 ± 4.90 | −0.56 (−1.08, −0.05) | −0.43 (−0.94, 0.07) | |
| 10 mo | 16 | 19.8 ± 5.10 | −0.80 (−1.33, −0.27) | −0.63 (−1.15, −0.11) | |
| 11 mo | 17 | 17.2 ± 3.60 | −1.35 (−1.89, −0.82) | −1.07 (−1.59, −0.56) | |
| 20 mo | 34 | 17.55 ± 5.19 | −1.24 (−1.64, −0.83) | −1.01 (−1.40, −0.62) | |
| 24 mo | 26 | 24.4 ± 7.00 | 0.10 (−0.32, 0.53) | 0.12 (−0.30, 0.54) | |
| 40 mo | 16 | 20.2 ± 5.40 | −0.71 (−1.24, −0.19) | −0.56 (−1.08, −0.04) | |
| 60 mo | 20 | 18.50 ± 5.00 | −1.06 (−1.55, −0.57) | −0.85 (−1.32, −0.37) | |
| Hip-flexion angle, ° | Healthy control | 54 | 25.84 ± 6.26 | NA | 0.19 (−0.22, 0.60) |
| Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction contralateral limb | 40 | 24.57 ± 7.16 | −0.19 (−0.60, 0.22) | NA | |
| Anterior cruciate ligament deficient | 16 | 25.43 ± 6.1 | −0.07 (−0.62, 0.49) | 0.12 (−0.46, 0.71) | |
| 3 mo | 10 | 24.34 ± 3.59 | −0.25 (−0.93, 0.42) | −0.03 (−0.73, 0.66) | |
| 6 mo | 40 | 21.73 ± 7.76 | −0.59 (−1.01, −0.18) | −0.38 (−0.82, 0.06) | |
| 9 mo | 17 | 37.6 ± 4.90 | 1.97 (1.34, 2.60) | 1.98 (1.31, 2.65) | |
| 11 mo | 17 | 33.4 ± 5.10 | 1.26 (0.67, 1.84) | 1.33 (0.71, 1.95) | |
| Hip-extension angle, ° | Healthy control | 27 | 9.55 ± 8.18 | NA | NA |
| Anterior cruciate ligament deficient | 18 | 6.30 ± 6.10 | −0.44 (−1.04, 0.17) | NA | |
| 9 mo | 17 | 8.50 ± 6.10 | −0.14 (−0.75, 0.47) | NA | |
| 11 mo | 17 | 10.90 ± 7.10 | 0.17 (−0.44, 0.78) | NA | |
| Knee-adduction angle, ° | Healthy control | 88 | 3.32 ± 2.89 | NA | −0.38 (−0.72, −0.03) |
| Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction contralateral limb | 52 | 4.60 ± 4.15 | 0.38 (0.03, 0.72) | NA | |
| Anterior cruciate ligament deficient | 31 | 2.22 ± 5.16 | −0.31 (−0.72, 0.11) | −0.52 (−0.97, −0.07) | |
| 9 mo | 34 | 3.79 ± 3.70 | 0.15 (−0.25, 0.55) | −0.20 (−0.64, 0.23) | |
| 10 mo | 16 | 4.30 ± 4.10 | 0.32 (−0.22, 0.85) | −0.07 (−0.63, 0.49) | |
| 11 mo | 34 | 6.45 ± 3.40 | 1.03 (0.61, 1.45) | 0.48 (0.04, 0.92) | |
| 20 mo | 36 | 5.10 ± 2.80 | 0.62 (0.23, 1.02) | 0.14 (−0.29, 0.56) | |
| 48 mo | 17 | 0.50 ± 1.00 | −1.05 (−1.59, −0.51) | −1.12 (−1.70, −0.54) | |
| 64 mo | 17 | 1.90 ± 2.90 | −0.49 (−1.02, 0.03) | −0.69 (−1.25, −0.13) | |
| Hip-adduction angle, ° | Healthy control | 27 | 7.24 ± 2.39 | NA | 1.39 (0.73, 2.06) |
| Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction contralateral limb | 18 | 2.30 ± 4.80 | −1.40 (−2.06, −0.73) | NA | |
| Anterior cruciate ligament deficient | 18 | 4.50 ± 4.40 | −0.82 (−1.44, −0.20) | 0.48 (−0.18, 1.14) | |
| 64 mo | 17 | 8.80 ± 2.50 | 0.64 (0.02, 1.26) | 1.68 (0.91, 2.46) | |
| Knee-external rotation angle, ° | Healthy control | 30 | 3.33 ± 4.70 | NA | NA |
| 7 mo | 21 | 0.30 ± 9.90 | −0.42 (−0.98, 0.15) | NA | |
| 9 mo | 12 | 4.90 ± 2.70 | 0.37 (−0.30, 1.04) | NA | |
| 17 mo | 12 | 5.70 ± 2.60 | 0.56 (−0.12, 1.24) | NA | |
| Knee-internal rotation angle, ° | Healthy control | 55 | 8.32 ± 4.06 | NA | −0.85 (−1.28, −0.42) |
| Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction contralateral limb | 39 | 12.01 ± 4.72 | 0.85 (0.42, 1.23) | NA | |
| Anterior cruciate ligament deficient | 13 | 9.60 ± 8.66 | 0.25 (−0.36, 0.85) | −0.41 (−1.04, 0.22) | |
| 9 mo | 30 | 7.10 ± 4.05 | −0.30 (−0.75, 0.15) | −1.11 (−1.62, −0.59) | |
| 10 mo | 16 | 9.50 ± 5.70 | 0.26 (−0.29, 0.82) | −0.50 (−1.09, 0.09) | |
| 11 mo | 18 | 8.90 ± 6.00 | 0.13 (−0.41, 0.66) | −0.60 (−1.17, −0.03) | |
| 14 mo | 7 | 3.30 ± 4.40 | −1.23 (−2.04, −0.41) | −1.86 (−2.75, −0.97) | |
| 17 mo | 12 | 4.80 ± 1.00 | −0.95 (−1.59, −0.30) | −1.72 (−2.45, −1.00) | |
| 40 mo | 16 | 10.40 ± 4.50 | 0.50 (−0.06, 1.06) | −0.35 (−0.93, 0.24) | |
| 48 mo | 17 | 6.00 ± 1.20 | −0.64 (−1.20, −0.09) | −1.50 (−2.13, −0.86) |
Abbreviation: NA, no data available for group comparison.