Table 1.
Patient Characteristics at Baseline and During LVAD and Adverse Events During LVAD
| Overall | Hemorrhagic Stroke (−) | Hemorrhagic Stroke (+) | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N=35 | n=26 | n=9 | |||
| Before LVAD implantation | |||||
| Age, y | 37.7±12.4 | 40.2±11.2 | 30.7±13.5 | 0.93 (0.85–1.00) | 0.08 |
| Men, No. (%) | 27 (77) | 21 (81) | 6 (67) | 0.48 (0.10–2.53) | 0.39 |
| Body surface area, m2 | 1.59±0.16 | 1.59±0.15 | 1.57±0.17 | 0.37 (0.00–66.9) | 0.71 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 19.4±2.4 | 19.7±2.3 | 18.7±2.7 | 0.86 (0.58–1.19) | 0.41 |
| Pathogenesis | |||||
| Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, No. (%) | 25 (71) | 19 (73) | 6 (67) | 0.71 (0.14–3.57) | 0.68 |
| Ischemic cardiomyopathy, No. (%) | 4 (11) | 4 (15) | 0 (0) | 0.26 (0.01–7.55) | 0.44 |
| Other, No. (%) | 6 (17) | 4 (15) | 2 (22) | 1.67 (0.26–10.8) | 0.59 |
| Devices | |||||
| Axial flow | 8 (23) | 6 (23) | 2 (22) | 1.05 (0.18–61.5) | 0.96 |
| Centrifugal flow | 27 (77) | 20 (77) | 7 (78) | 0.96 | |
| DuraHeart, No. (%) | 19 (54) | 14 (54) | 5 (56) | 1.05 (0.24–4.72) | 0.95 |
| HeartMate II, No. (%) | 5 (14) | 5 (19) | 0 (0) | 0.21 (0.01–5.39) | 0.34 |
| HeartWare, No. (%) | 5 (14) | 4 (15) | 1 (11) | 0.88 (0.10–7.79) | 0.91 |
| EVAHEART, No. (%) | 3 (9) | 2 (8) | 1 (11) | 1.73 (0.15–20.4) | 0.66 |
| Jarvik 2000, No. (%) | 3 (9) | 1 (4) | 2 (22) | 5.57 (0.48–67.6) | 0.17 |
| Comorbidities before LVAD implantation | |||||
| Diabetes mellitus, No. (%) | 5 (14) | 4 (15) | 1 (11) | 0.88 (0.10–7.79) | 0.91 |
| Coronary artery disease, No. (%) | 4 (11) | 4 (15) | 0 (0) | 0.26 (0.01–7.55) | 0.44 |
| Stroke, No. (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||
| LVDd, mm | 70.8±12.6 | 70.8±12.1 | 64.2±9.9 | 0.96 (0.88–1.04) | 0.31 |
| LVDs, mm | 65.0±13.0 | 65.0±12.6 | 58.2±9.8 | 0.96 (0.88–1.04) | 0.32 |
| LVEF, % | 21.2±7.6 | 21.6±8.1 | 20.6±5.9 | 0.99 (0.87–1.12) | 0.86 |
| Pre‐LVAD laboratory data | |||||
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 11.0±1.8 | 11.0±1.9 | 11.3±1.5 | 1.08 (0.69–1.74) | 0.71 |
| Serum creatinine, mg/dL | 1.16±0.54 | 1.18±0.55 | 1.12±0.57 | 0.87 (0.20–3.77) | 0.85 |
| Serum total bilirubin, mg/dL | 1.49±1.45 | 1.27±1.17 | 2.20±2.06 | 1.42 (0.86–2.34) | 0.17 |
| Serum albumin, mg/dL | 3.58±0.59 | 3.63±0.61 | 3.44±0.53 | 0.59 (0.16–2.14) | 0.44 |
| Systolic blood pressure during LVAD, mm Hg | 79.2±10.4 | 80.1±10.2 | 76.3±11.3 | 0.97 (0.88–1.06) | 0.51 |
| LVAD support duration, y | 2.43±1.08 | 2.27±1.04 | 2.91±1.07 | 1.79 (0.78–4.11) | 0.17 |
| Adverse events during LVAD support | |||||
| Bacteremia, No. (%) | 13 (37) | 6 (23) | 7 (78) | 9.45 (1.68–53.3) | 0.01 |
| Pump pocket infection, No. (%) | 6 (17) | 1 (4) | 5 (56) | 20.8 (2.3–187.6) | 0.01 |
| Driveline infection, No. (%) | 13 (37) | 9 (35) | 4 (44) | 1.51 (0.33–6.90) | 0.60 |
| Bleeding events, No. (%) | 3 (9) | 3 (12) | 0 (0) | 0.35 (0.11–11.8) | 0.56 |
| Heart failure, No. (%) | 10 (29) | 4 (15) | 6 (67) | 9.29 (1.69–51.1) | 0.01 |
| Arrhythmia, No. (%) | 3 (9) | 2 (8) | 1 (11) | 1.73 (0.15–20.4) | 0.66 |
| Pump thrombosis, No. (%) | 4 (11) | 2 (8) | 2 (22) | 3.27 (0.39–27.5) | 0.28 |
| Ischemic stroke, No. (%) | 4 (11) | 3 (12) | 1 (11) | 1.19 (0.12–11.6) | 0.89 |
CI indicates confidence interval; LVAD, left ventricular assist device; LVDd, left ventricular end‐diastolic dimension; LVDs, left ventricular end‐systolic dimension; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction.