Table 2.
Metabolic Syndrome Outcomes and Components at 25 Years of Age by Family Economic Trajectory
| Outcome | Whole Sample (N=328) | Stable Low Income (n=134) | Downward Mobility (n=101) | Deepening Poverty (n=80) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) or M (SE) | n (%) or M (SE) | n (%) or M (SE) | n (%) or M (SE) | |
| Meets MetS diagnosis by IDF criteria | 61 (18.6%) | 14 (10.4%)a | 22 (21.8%)b | 22 (27.5%)b |
| Count, no. of signs meeting IDF criteria | 1.58 (0.06) | 1.28 (0.09)a | 1.65 (0.11)b | 1.91 (0.12)b |
| Central adiposity | 225 (68.6%) | 81 (60.4%)a | 75 (74.3%)b | 57 (71.3%) |
| Raised fasting glucose | 49 (14.9%) | 11 (8.2%)a | 19 (18.8%)b | 16 (20.0%)b |
| Raised triglycerides | 25 (7.6%) | 9 (6.7%) | 6 (5.9%) | 8 (10.0%) |
| Low high‐density lipoproteins | 131 (39.9%) | 44 (32.8%)a | 44 (43.6%)b | 39 (48.8%)b |
| High blood pressure | 88 (26.8%) | 28 (20.9%)a | 22 (21.8%)a | 32 (40.0%)b |
| Composite, weighted component score | 0.02 (0.06) | −0.21 (0.08)a | −0.01 (0.10)a | 0.40 (0.11)b |
| Waist circumference, cm | 99.74 (1.11) | 94.97 (1.72)a | 101.55 (1.98)b | 105.09 (2.22)b |
| Fasting glucose, mg/dL | 92.03 (1.18) | 90.15 (1.44) | 90.94 (1.67) | 94.25 (1.87) |
| Triglyceride levels, mg/dL | 87.83 (2.66) | 82.88 (4.10) | 87.51 (4.70) | 93.73 (5.27) |
| High‐density lipoproteins, mg/dL | 51.12 (0.77) | 53.15 (1.20)a | 48.44 (1.38)b | 50.88 (1.55) |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 115.74 (0.78) | 113.83 (1.08)a | 114.48 (1.24)a | 120.11 (1.39)b |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 75.71 (0.61) | 74.26 (0.94)a | 74.17 (1.08)a | 79.75 (1.22)b |
Whole sample column includes values for 13 families who experienced upward mobility, but were not analyzed further. Continuous outcomes are adjusted for sex, intervention, and parent age. Cells with different superscripts are significantly different from each other (P<0.05). IDF indicates International Diabetes Foundation; MetS, metabolic syndrome.