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. 2017 Sep 4;6(9):e006347. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.117.006347

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) played a key role in trimethylamine‐N‐oxide (TMAO)‐induced activation of the nucleotide‐binding oligomerization domain–like receptor family pyrin domain–containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in endothelial cells. Cells were treated with TMAO at a series of concentrations (150, 300, 600, and 900 μmol/L) for 24 hours or 600 μmol/L TMAO for the indicated time intervals (4, 8, 12, and 24 hours). A and B, Total ROS levels were detected via DCFH‐DA. C and D, mtROS levels were detected with MitoSOX ™ Red. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were pretreated with TEMPO (50 μmol/L) for 2 hours followed by the addition of TMAO (600 μmol/L) for a further 24 hours. E, mtROS and (F) expression of the indicated protein were detected. Values are expressed as means±SE (n=3). a P<0.05, b P<0.01 vs the vehicle‐treated control group; c P<0.01 vs TMAO‐treated group; AU, arbitrary units.