Table 1.
Characteristics of Patients Undergoing Surgical AVR Between 2003 and 2014 (Including Combined Procedures)
| Characteristic | All Patients (n=166 809) | Male (n=105 106) | Female (n=61 703) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y, mean (SD) | 68 (14) | 67 (14) | 70 (13) | <0.0001 |
| Race, n (%) | <0.0001 | |||
| White | 139 714 (83.8) | 87 946 (83.7) | 51 768 (83.9) | |
| Black | 8516 (5.1) | 5186 (4.9) | 3330 (5.4) | |
| Hispanic | 10 084 (6) | 6745 (6.4) | 3339 (5.4) | |
| Medical comorbidity, n (%) | ||||
| Hypertension | 106 535 (63.9) | 66 374 (63.1) | 40 161 (65.1) | <0.0001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 42 900 (25.7) | 26 503 (25.2) | 16 397 (26.6) | <0.0001 |
| Prior sternotomy | 7195 (4.3) | 5592 (5.3) | 1603 (2.6) | <0.0001 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 33 513 (20.1) | 20 342 (19.4) | 13 171 (21.3) | <0.0001 |
| Atrial fibrillation/flutter | 72 999 (43.8) | 45 971 (43.7) | 27 028 (43.8) | 0.794 |
| Cardiogenic shock | 6565 (3.9) | 4051 (3.9) | 2514 (4.1) | 0.026 |
| Anemia | 30 713 (18.4) | 18 366 (17.5) | 12 347 (20) | <0.0001 |
| Coagulopathy | 39 755 (23.8) | 25 040 (23.8) | 14 715 (23.8) | 0.91 |
| Conduction abnormalities | 5438 (3.3) | 3578 (3.4) | 1860 (3) | <0.0001 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 29 535 (17.7) | 20 115 (19.1) | 9420 (15.3) | <0.0001 |
| Chronic renal disease | 21 029 (12.6) | 14 239 (13.5) | 6790 (11) | <0.0001 |
| Coronary artery disease | 82 622 (49.5) | 55 339 (52.7) | 27 283 (44.2) | <0.0001 |
| Metastatic cancer | 293 (0.2) | 207 (0.2) | 86 (0.1) | 0.007 |
| Liver disease | 2542 (1.5) | 1740 (1.7) | 802 (1.3) | <0.0001 |
| Aortic prosthesis | ||||
| Bioprosthetic | 100 999 (60.50) | 63 399 (60.3) | 37 600 (60.9) | 0.013 |
| Mechanical | 66 005 (39.6) | 41 816 (39.8) | 24 189 (39.2) | 0.019 |
| Concomitant procedures, n (%) | ||||
| Coronary artery bypass | 65 781 (39.4) | 44 960 (42.8) | 20 821 (33.7) | <0.0001 |
| Percutaneous coronary intervention | 699 (0.4) | 461 (0.4) | 238 (0.4) | 0.106 |
| Mitral valve valvuloplasty | 5278 (3.2) | 3406 (3.2) | 1872 (3) | 0.02 |
| Mitral valve replacement | 10 441 (6.3) | 5050 (4.8) | 5391 (8.7) | <0.0001 |
| Annuloplasty | 5278 (3.2) | 3406 (3.2) | 1872 (3) | 0.02 |
| Open ASD\VSD repair | 3403 (2) | 2108 (2) | 1295 (2.1) | 0.194 |
| IABP/LV assist device use | 7462 (4.5) | 4905 (4.7) | 2557 (4.1) | <0.0001 |
| Hospital characteristics, n (%) | ||||
| Teaching hospital | 112 372 (67.4) | 71 079 (67.6) | 41 293 (66.9) | 0.003 |
| Hospital bed size | 0.074 | |||
| Small | 11 249 (6.7) | 6993 (6.7) | 4256 (6.9) | |
| Medium | 30 336 (18.2) | 19 226 (18.3) | 11 110 (18) | |
| Large | 125 224 (75.1) | 78 887 (75.1) | 46 337 (75.1) | |
| Rural location | 5924 (3.6) | 3782 (3.6) | 2142 (3.5) | 0.177 |
| Nonelective admission status, n (%) | 54 717 (32.8) | 34 718 (33) | 19 999 (32.4) | 0.009 |
| Primary payer, n (%) | <0.0001 | |||
| Medicare/Medicaid | 113 333 (67.9) | 66 835 (63.6) | 46 498 (75.4) | |
| Private including HMO | 46 358 (27.8) | 33 143 (31.5) | 13 215 (21.4) | |
| Self‐pay/no charge/other | 7118 (4.3) | 5128 (4.9) | 1990 (3.2) | |
| Median household income, n (%) | <0.0001 | |||
| 0 to 25th percentiles | 35 947 (21.5) | 21 889 (20.8) | 14 058 (22.8) | |
| 26th to 50th percentiles | 43 307 (26) | 26 958 (25.6) | 16 349 (26.5) | |
| 51st to 75th percentiles | 43 431 (26) | 27 572 (26.2) | 15 859 (25.7) | |
| 76th to 100th percentiles | 44 124 (26.5) | 28 687 (27.3) | 15 437 (25) | |
ASD indicates atrial septal defect; AVR, aortic valve replacement; HMO, health maintenance organization; IABP, intra‐aortic balloon pump; LV, left ventricular; VSD, ventricular septal defect.