Table 1.
Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Patients Receiving VCFs by Indication
| All | Pulmonary Embolism | Deep Vein Thrombosis | No PE/DVT | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | |
| 54 766 | 100.0 | 20 202 | 36.9 | 24 060 | 43.9 | 10 504 | 19.2 | |
| Age group (y) | ||||||||
| Mean, SD | 65 (16) | 64 (15) | 69 (16) | 60 (17) | ||||
| 18 to 34 | 2196 | 4.0 | 728 | 3.6 | 610 | 2.5 | 858 | 8.2 |
| 35 to 44 | 3551 | 6.5 | 1347 | 6.7 | 1183 | 4.9 | 1021 | 9.7 |
| 45 to 54 | 7888 | 14.4 | 3337 | 16.5 | 2757 | 11.5 | 1794 | 17.1 |
| 55 to 64 | 13 076 | 23.9 | 5530 | 27.4 | 4881 | 20.3 | 2665 | 25.4 |
| 65 to 74 | 9422 | 17.2 | 3452 | 17.1 | 4334 | 18.0 | 1636 | 15.6 |
| 75 and older | 17 846 | 32.6 | 5492 | 27.2 | 10 038 | 41.7 | 2316 | 22.0 |
| Sex of patient | ||||||||
| Male | 26 839 | 49.0 | 10 217 | 50.6 | 11 542 | 48.0 | 5080 | 48.4 |
| Female | 27 927 | 51.0 | 9985 | 49.4 | 12 518 | 52.0 | 5424 | 51.6 |
| Region | ||||||||
| Northeast | 11 526 | 21.0 | 4154 | 20.6 | 5191 | 21.6 | 2181 | 20.8 |
| North Central | 15 678 | 28.6 | 5752 | 28.5 | 7142 | 29.7 | 2784 | 26.5 |
| South | 18 448 | 33.7 | 6666 | 33.0 | 7882 | 32.8 | 3900 | 37.1 |
| West | 7891 | 14.4 | 3158 | 15.6 | 3361 | 14.0 | 1372 | 13.1 |
| Unknown | 1223 | 2.2 | 472 | 2.3 | 484 | 2.0 | 267 | 2.5 |
| Residence | ||||||||
| Rural | 8496 | 15.5 | 3119 | 15.4 | 3381 | 14.1 | 1996 | 19.0 |
| Urban | 46 270 | 84.5 | 17 083 | 84.6 | 20 679 | 85.9 | 8508 | 81.0 |
| Concurrent conditions during hospitalization | ||||||||
| Bleed | 5004 | 9.1 | 1418 | 7.0 | 2779 | 11.6 | 807 | 7.7 |
| Unstable condition | 870 | 1.6 | 243 | 1.2 | 464 | 1.9 | 163 | 1.6 |
| Sepsis | 2351 | 4.3 | 619 | 3.1 | 1360 | 5.7 | 372 | 3.5 |
| Infection | 9202 | 16.8 | 3105 | 15.4 | 4680 | 19.5 | 1417 | 13.5 |
| Anemia | 10 195 | 18.6 | 3193 | 15.8 | 5433 | 22.6 | 1569 | 14.9 |
| Trauma | 5777 | 10.5 | 1600 | 7.9 | 3027 | 12.6 | 1150 | 10.9 |
| Thrombolytic therapy | 841 | 1.5 | 452 | 2.2 | 316 | 1.3 | 73 | 0.7 |
| Embolectomy procedure | 367 | 0.7 | 176 | 0.9 | 149 | 0.6 | 42 | 0.4 |
| Major surgery | 13 371 | 24.4 | 5249 | 26.0 | 5836 | 24.3 | 2286 | 21.8 |
| Pregnant | 441 | 0.8 | 148 | 0.7 | 221 | 0.9 | 72 | 0.7 |
| Died during hospitalization | 1628 | 3.0 | 720 | 3.6 | 461 | 1.9 | 447 | 4.3 |
| Comorbid conditions | ||||||||
| CCI score, mean (SD) | 3.1 (3.3) | 2.9 (3.3) | 3.5 (3.4) | 2.9 (3.3) | ||||
| History of VTE | 4864 | 8.9 | 1522 | 7.5 | 2149 | 8.9 | 1193 | 11.4 |
| History of bleeding | 8483 | 15.5 | 2587 | 12.8 | 4577 | 19.0 | 1319 | 12.6 |
| MI | 3254 | 5.9 | 1122 | 5.6 | 1623 | 6.7 | 509 | 4.8 |
| CHF | 8464 | 15.5 | 2620 | 13.0 | 4514 | 18.8 | 1330 | 12.7 |
| PVD | 7450 | 13.6 | 2147 | 10.6 | 4030 | 16.7 | 1273 | 12.1 |
| Dementia | 2366 | 4.3 | 621 | 3.1 | 1518 | 6.3 | 227 | 2.2 |
| COPD | 12 925 | 23.6 | 4872 | 24.1 | 5735 | 23.8 | 2318 | 22.1 |
| Rheumatism | 2286 | 4.2 | 801 | 4.0 | 1087 | 4.5 | 398 | 3.8 |
| PUD | 1593 | 2.9 | 503 | 2.5 | 829 | 3.4 | 261 | 2.5 |
| Mild liver disease | 4344 | 7.9 | 1586 | 7.9 | 1958 | 8.1 | 800 | 7.6 |
| Severe liver disease | 549 | 1.0 | 135 | 0.7 | 315 | 1.3 | 99 | 0.9 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 13 623 | 24.9 | 4483 | 22.2 | 6322 | 26.3 | 2818 | 26.8 |
| Diabetes mellitus w/complications | 3663 | 6.7 | 1040 | 5.1 | 1853 | 7.7 | 770 | 7.3 |
| Paralysis | 2244 | 4.1 | 672 | 3.3 | 1228 | 5.1 | 344 | 3.3 |
| Renal disease | 6684 | 12.2 | 1713 | 8.5 | 3836 | 15.9 | 1135 | 10.8 |
| Cancer | 16 672 | 30.4 | 6251 | 30.9 | 7856 | 32.7 | 2565 | 24.4 |
| Metastatic cancer | 7534 | 13.8 | 3013 | 14.9 | 3433 | 14.3 | 1088 | 10.4 |
| Stroke | 9744 | 17.8 | 2957 | 14.6 | 5240 | 21.8 | 1547 | 14.7 |
| Hypertension | 30 918 | 56.5 | 10 719 | 53.1 | 14 541 | 60.4 | 5658 | 53.9 |
| CHD | 11 125 | 20.3 | 3604 | 17.8 | 5597 | 23.3 | 1924 | 18.3 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 18 195 | 33.2 | 6676 | 33.0 | 8047 | 33.4 | 3472 | 33.1 |
| Insurance source | ||||||||
| Commercial | 26 350 | 48.1 | 10 821 | 53.6 | 9281 | 38.6 | 6248 | 59.5 |
| Medicare | 28 416 | 51.9 | 9381 | 46.4 | 14 779 | 61.4 | 4256 | 40.5 |
| Insurance details | ||||||||
| Assigned care provider | 7586 | 13.9 | 2910 | 14.4 | 3116 | 13.0 | 1560 | 14.9 |
| Capitated payment | 4718 | 8.6 | 1821 | 9.0 | 1969 | 8.2 | 928 | 8.8 |
| Year VCF placed | ||||||||
| 2010 | 11 784 | 21.5 | 4250 | 21.0 | 5239 | 21.8 | 2295 | 21.8 |
| 2011 | 12 750 | 23.3 | 4565 | 22.6 | 5672 | 23.6 | 2513 | 23.9 |
| 2012 | 12 210 | 22.3 | 4369 | 21.6 | 5393 | 22.4 | 2448 | 23.3 |
| 2013 | 9395 | 17.2 | 3596 | 17.8 | 4062 | 16.9 | 1737 | 16.5 |
| 2014 | 8627 | 15.8 | 3422 | 16.9 | 3694 | 15.4 | 1511 | 14.4 |
CCI indicates Charlson Comorbidity Index; CHD, coronary heart disease; CHF, congestive heart failure; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DVT, deep vein thrombosis; IVC, inferior vena cava; MI, myocardial infarction; PE, pulmonary embolism; PUD, peptic ulcer disease; PVD, peripheral vascular disease; VCF, vena cava filter; VTE, venous thromboembolism