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. 2017 Oct 9;7:12826. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-12896-1

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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X-Z Cross sections of a cell with (a) a standard rear mirror, (b) a textured front surface scattering light entering the cell (c) rear metal nanoparticles and a rear mirror scattering light back into the cell, and (d) metal rear reflector with an array of hexagonally-symmetrical nanospheres. In all cases the rear reflector is separated from the Si by a SiO₂ spacer layer. (e) shows a X-Y view of the nanosphere array at the rear of the cell shown in (d).