Table 1.
Genetic polymorphisms and Hg exposure in humans.
| Single nucleotid polymorphism (SNP) | Hg source | Size of the study (age) | β regression coefficient | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ATP Binding Cassette (ABC) transporter genes | Environmental exposure (fish diet) | 1651 (birth cohort) | Interaction Log2 fish intake*genotype on log2 cord blood MeHg | [143] |
| rs2032582: TT vs GG β = −0.49 (CI = −0.71 to −0.26) | ||||
| rs11075290: TT vs CC β = −0.28 (CI = −0.51 to −0.06) | ||||
| rs2273697: GA+AA vs GG β = 0.16 (CI = 0.01 to 0.32) | ||||
| Trasferrin (TF), Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) | Not known (Avon longitudinal study of parents and children) | 1135 (0–8y) | Log10 cord blood MeHg on WISC-III Performance IQ in selected genotypes | [45] |
| TF rs3811647: AA β = −22.7 (CI = −44.0 to −1.5) | ||||
| BDNF rs2049046: AA β = −13.7 (CI = −26.9 to −0.4) | ||||
| Metallothionein (MT1M, MT2A) | Dental amalgalm tooth filling | 120 boys, 118 girls (8–12y) | Loge urinary Hg on RAVLT8 in selected genotypes | [139] |
| MT1M rs2270837: GA+AA β = −2.11 (SE = 0.74) | ||||
| MT2A rs10636: GC+CC β = −1.96 (SE = 0.86) | ||||
| Loge urinary Hg on Visual Spatial—Digit Symbol in selected genotypes | ||||
| MT2A rs10636: GC+CC β = −12.9 (SE = 4.77) | ||||
| Glutathione related genes: Glutamyl-cysteine-ligases modifier subunit (GCLM) Glutathione-S-transferase μ1 (GSTM1) | Environmental exposure (fish diet) | 400 (adults) | Genotype on Loge blood Hg | [156] |
| GCLM-588: TT β = −0.32 (p = 0.017) | ||||
| GSTM1*0: Homozygous β = 0.20 (p = 0.017) | ||||
| Genotype on Loge hair Hg | ||||
| GCLM-588: TT β = −0.33 (p = 0.009) | ||||
| GSTM1*0: Homozygous β = 0.20 (p = 0.013) | ||||
| Apolipoprotein E (APOE) | Environmental exposure (fish diet) | 180 (0–2y) | Loge cord blood MeHg on CDIIT cognition score in selected genotypes | [141] |
| APOE: ε4 carrier β = −8.47 (CI = −16.1 to −0.84) | ||||
| Loge cord blood MeHg on CDIIT social score in selected genotypes | ||||
| APOE: ε4 carrier β = −11.02 (CI = −20.85 to −1.19) | ||||
| Loge cord blood MeHg on CDIIT whole test score in selected genotypes | ||||
| APOE: ε4 carrier β = −10.45 (CI = −17.36 to −3.54) | ||||
| Coproporphyrinogen oxidase (CPOX); Metallothionine (MT1M, MT2A); Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT); Tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO2) | Dental amalgalm tooth filling | 120 boys, 118 girls (8–12 y) | Loge urinary Hg on neurobehavioral tests in selected genotypes (boys) | [144] |
| CPOX rs1131857: AC+CC | ||||
| Attention: β range = −2.45 (SE = 0.97) to −18.1 (SE = 4.89) | ||||
| Visual-Spatial: β = −20.7 (SE = 6.08) | ||||
| Executive function: β = 22.26 (SE = 7.03) | ||||
| Learning & Memory: β range = −1.78 (SE = 0.80) to −2.24 (SE = 0.82) | ||||
| Motor: β range = −3.46 (SE = 1.65) to −7.16 (SE = 2.9) | ||||
| MT1M rs2270837: GA+AA | ||||
| Learning & Memory: β range = −1.56 (SE = 0.53) to −2.11 (SE = 0.74) | ||||
| MT2A rs10636: GC+CC | ||||
| Visual-Spatial: β range = −8.21 (SE = 2.62) to −12.9 (SE = 4.77) | ||||
| Learning & Memory: β range = −1.96 (SE = 0.86) to −6.49 (SE = 2.72) | ||||
| COMT rs4680: GA+AA | ||||
| Attention: β = −5.05 (SE = 1.95) | ||||
| Visual-Spatial: β range = −16.49 (SE = 5.52) to −32.46 (SE = 11.28) | ||||
| COMT rs4633: CT+TT | ||||
| Attention: β range = −4.58 (SE = 1.84) to −13.79 (SE = 6.23) | ||||
| Visual-Spatial: β range = −16.19 (SE = 5.53) to −35.71 (SE = 10.87) | ||||
| COMT rs6269: AG+GG | ||||
| Visual-Spatial: β range = −8.48 (SE = 3.83) to −17.92 (SE = 6.8) | ||||
| TDO2 rs3755907: GA+AA | ||||
| Attention: β = −14.66 (SE = 7.12) | ||||
| Visual-Spatial: β = −0.16 (SE = 0.06) | ||||
| Motor: β = −9.36 (SE = 3.90) |
CI: confidential interval; WISC III: Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children IIIrd version; RAVLT8: Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test 8; CDIIT: Comprehensive Developmental Inventory for Infants and Toddlers.