Table 1.

Clinical studies of the pharmacological effects of S. officinalis.

Category	Study design	Subjects	Dosage	Effects	References
Effects on memory and cognitive functions	Randomized placebo-controlled trial	Patients with Alzheimer's disease	60 drops/day of alcoholic extract for week 16	Improvement of cognitive functions	88
	Randomized placebo-controlled trial	Healthy young participants	300–600 mg encapsulated dried leaf	Improvement of mood and cognitive functions after single dose	89
	Randomized placebo-controlled trial	Healthy old participants	167–1332 mg of ethanolic extract was administrated 1, 2.5, 4 and 6 h before assessment	Improvement of memory and attention	87
	Randomized controlled trial	Healthy adults participants	5 drops of essential oil were placed into the testing cubicle	Improvement of prospective memory and cognitive performance	85, 86
Effects on pain	Randomized controlled trial	Patient with pharyngitis	15% spray containing 140 μl of the plant extract per dose	Reduction of the throat pain intensity	72
	Randomized controlled trial	Patients undergoing tonsillectomy or adenoidectomy	Infusion of the plant was administrated as an oral rinse 4–8 h following surgery and then 6 times a day	The antinociceptive effect was not more powerful than the benzydamine hydrochloride	73
Effects on glucose and lipids	Randomized placebo-controlled trial	Patients with newly diagnosed primary hyperlipidemia	500 mg encapsulated hydroalcoholic extract every 8 h for 2  months	Reduction of the blood levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL and VLDL; Increase of HDL level	102
	Randomized placebo-controlled trial	Hyperlipidemic type 2 diabetic patients	500 mg encapsulated hydroalcoholic extract every 8 h for 3 months	Reduction of the blood levels of glucose, HbA1c, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL; Increase of HDL level	103
	Randomized placebo-controlled trial	Type 2 diabetic patients	150 mg sage extract 3 times a day for 3 months	Reduction of 2 h postprandial glucose and total cholesterol; No effect on fasting glucose, HbA1c, triglyceride, LDL and HDL	95
	A pilot study (non-randomized crossover trial)	Healthy female volunteers	300 mL of sage tea twice daily for 4 weeks	Reduction of total cholesterol and LDL; No effect on fasting glucose; Increase of HDL level	104