Table 2.
Univariate analysis of the factors associated with smartphone addiction between the two genders [n(%)]
| Males | Females | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Smartphone addiction positive | Smartphone addiction negative | OR (95% CI) | p | Smartphone addiction positive | Smartphone addiction negative | OR (95% CI) | p | |
| Age (years) | ||||||||
| ≤ 19 | 80(26.1) | 226(73.9) | Ref. | 92(25.7) | 266(74.3) | Ref. | ||
| ≥ 20 | 131(33.6) | 259(66.4) | 1.43 (1.03-1.99) | .034 | 126(32.6) | 261(67.4) | 1.40 (1.02-1.92) | .040 |
| Residential source | ||||||||
| Rural | 141(30.1) | 328(69.9) | Ref. | 127(27.7) | 332(72.3) | Ref. | ||
| Urban | 70(30.8) | 157(69.2) | 1.04 (0.74-1.46) | .835 | 91(31.8) | 195(68.2) | 1.22 (0.88-1.68) | .226 |
| Monthly cost for living | ||||||||
| ≤ 800 RMB | 60(28.3) | 152(71.7) | Ref. | 74(26.2) | 208(73.8) | Ref. | ||
| 800–1200 RBM | 109(29.4) | 262(70.6) | 1.05 (0.73-1.53) | .783 | 96(28.0) | 247(72.0) | 1.09 (0.77-1.56) | .625 |
| ≥ 1200 RMB | 42(37.2) | 71(62.8) | 1.50 (0.92-2.43) | .101 | 48(40.0) | 72(60.0) | 1.87 (1.19-2.94) | .006 |
| Phone calls/Text message | ||||||||
| Not main function | 144(31.2) | 317(68.8) | Ref. | 163(34.3) | 312(65.7) | Ref. | ||
| Main function | 67(28.5) | 168(71.5) | 0.88 (0.62-1.24) | .459 | 55(20.4) | 215(79.6) | 0.49 (0.35-0.70) | .000 |
| Smartphone gaming | ||||||||
| Not main function | 188(29.1) | 459(70.9) | Ref. | 216(29.4) | 518(70.6) | Ref. | ||
| Main function | 23(46.9) | 26(53.1) | 2.16 (1.20-3.88) | .009 | 2(18.2) | 9(81.8) | 0.53 (0.11-2.49) | .631 |
| Multimedia applications (Watching videos/Listening to music) | ||||||||
| Not main function | 189(32.1) | 399(67.9) | Ref. | 174(27.9) | 449(72.1) | Ref. | ||
| Main function | 22(20.4) | 86(79.6) | 0.54 (0.33-0.89) | .014 | 44(36.1) | 78(63.9) | 1.46 (0.97-2.19) | .071 |
| Social networking services | ||||||||
| Not main function | 139(28.5) | 349(71.5) | Ref. | 109(23.2) | 361(76.8) | Ref. | ||
| Main function | 72(34.6) | 136(65.4) | 1.33 (0.94-1.88) | .107 | 109(39.6) | 166(60.4) | 2.18 (1.58-3.00) | .000 |
| Internet surfing/reading | ||||||||
| Not main function | 198(31.0) | 441(69.0) | Ref. | 211(29.7) | 499(70.3) | Ref. | ||
| Main function | 13(22.8) | 44(77.2) | 0.66 (0.35-1.25) | .198 | 7(20.0) | 28(80.0) | 0.59 (0.25-1.38) | .217 |
| Others | ||||||||
| Not main function | 200(30.4) | 457(69.6) | Ref. | 211(29.6) | 502(70.4) | Ref. | ||
| Main function | 11(28.2) | 28(71.8) | 0.90 (0.44-1.84) | .768 | 7(21.9) | 25(78.1) | 0.67 (0.28-1.56) | .348 |
| Sleep quality | ||||||||
| Good sleep quality | 98(21.0) | 369(79.0) | Ref. | 98(21.2) | 364(78.8) | Ref. | ||
| Poor sleep quality | 113(49.3) | 116(50.7) | 3.67 (2.61-5.16) | .000 | 120(42.4) | 163(57.6) | 2.73 (1.98-3.78) | .000 |
| Anxiety | ||||||||
| Negative | 165(27.2) | 442(72.8) | Ref. | 187(26.9) | 507(73.1) | Ref. | ||
| Positive | 46(51.7) | 43(48.3) | 2.87 (1.82-4.51) | .000 | 31(60.8) | 20(39.2) | 4.20 (2.34-7.56) | .000 |
| Depressive | ||||||||
| Negative | 127(25.3) | 374(74.7) | Ref. | 142(24.7) | 433(75.3) | Ref. | ||
| Positive | 84(43.1) | 111(56.9) | 2.23 (1.57-3.16) | .000 | 76(44.7) | 94(55.3) | 2.47 (1.73-3.52) | .000 |