Fig. 1.

Eco-epidemiological transmission patterns of Trypanosoma cruzi in Panama: a1-a3 Animal hosts and/or reservoirs of T. cruzi across a gradient of forest habitat degradation. Main reservoirs Didelphis marsupialis (opossum), Choloepus hoffmanni (two-toed sloth), and Bradypus infuscatus (three-toed sloth); secondary reservoirs Proechymis semispinosus (prickly rat), Dasypus novemcinctus (armadillo), Tamandua tetradactyla (Anteater), Artibeus jamaicensis, Rattus rattus (common rat), Dasyprocta punctata (agouti) and Canis familiaris (dog). b1 Endemic transmission of T. cruzi at sylvatic enzootic foci (accidental transmission in humans). b2 Epidemic transmission in forest-altered habitats (indigenous communities). b3 Sporadic transmission in highly altered habitats (farmers “Campesinos”). c1-c3 Triatomine bugs vectors of T. cruzi across a gradient of natural forest habitat degradation. c1 top row, left to right, Triatoma dimidiata, Triatoma dispar, Eratyrus cuspidatus: bottom row Pastrongylus geniculatus, Pastrongylus rufotuberculatus, Pastrongylus humeralis, Rhodnius pallescens. c2 Triatoma dimidiata, and Rhodnius pallescens. c3 Rhodnius pallescens