Table 2.
Age-Adjusted Prevalence Rates Stratified by Race/Ethnicity for Top 10 Chronic Conditions, Dyads, and Triads.
| Race/ethnicity, n (%)
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chronic condition | Total, n (%)a | White (n = 23,392) |
Asian/PI (n = 46,018) |
Hispanic (n = 4,346) |
Other (n = 10,456) |
CMS rankb |
| Single | ||||||
| 1. Hypertension | 51,704 (61.4%) | 11,340 (49.9%) | 31,056 (64.8%) | 2,614 (68.4%) | 6,694 (63.2%) | 1: 59.2% |
| 2. Hyperlipidemia | 50,277 (59.7%) | 10,811 (46.7%) | 30,597 (61.9%) | 2,381 (70.4%) | 6,488 (59.4%) | 2: 48.1% |
| 3. Diabetes | 24,379 (28.9%) | 4,285 (18.7%) | 15,171 (33.4%) | 1,415 (32.7%) | 3,508 (32.4%) | 5: 27.5% |
| 4. Ischemic heart disease | 19,044 (22.6%) | 5,391 (24.1%) | 10,496 (22.3%) | 946 (22.2%) | 2,211 (21.8%) | 3: 31.2% |
| 5. Arthritis | 16,089 (19.1%) | 4,935 (21.7%) | 8,494 (18.2%) | 781 (17.3%) | 1,879 (19.0%) | 4: 30.5% |
| 6. Chronic kidney disease | 14,746 (17.5%) | 3,318 (15.1%) | 8,634 (19.1%) | 842 (17.4%) | 1,952 (19.0%) | 6: 16.2% |
| 7. Alzheimer’s or dementia | 9,708 (11.5%) | 2,448 (11.9%) | 5,944 (12.3%) | 360 (11.2%) | 956 (11.5%) | 9: 12.1% |
| 8. Heart failure | 8,839 (10.5%) | 2,582 (12.0%) | 4,709 (10.7%) | 474 (8.8%) | 1,074 (11.3%) | 7: 15.7% |
| 9. Osteoporosis | 8,273 (9.8%) | 1,465 (6.7%) | 5,626 (11.9%) | 272 (11.3%) | 910 (9.2%) | 13: 7.3% |
| 10. Cancer | 7,265 (8.6%) | 1,834 (8.1%) | 4,230 (8.3%) | 255 (9.4%) | 946 (8.3%) | 12: 9.1% |
| Dyad | ||||||
| 1. Hyperlipidemia– hypertension | 41,349 (49.1%) | 8,150 (35.7%) | 25,688 (52.3%) | 2,065 (58.3%) | 5,446 (50.4%) | 1: 54.4% |
| [69.9%] | ||||||
| 2. Diabetes–hypertension | 20,577 (24.4%) | 3,381 (14.8%) | 13,031 (28.5%) | 1,201 (28.1%) | 2,964 (27.5%) | 4: 31.5% |
| [34.8%] | ||||||
| 3. Diabetes–hyperlipidemia | 19,819 (23.5%) | 3,221 (14.0%) | 12,602 (27.0%) | 1,124 (28.0%) | 2,872 (26.0%) | 6: 25.6% |
| [33.5%] | ||||||
| 4. Hypertension–Ischemic heart disease | 15,774 (18.7%) | 4,063 (18.3%) | 9,015 (19.2%) | 813 (18.9%) | 1,883 (18.6%) | 2: 37.3% |
| [26.7%] | ||||||
| 5. Hyperlipidemia– Ischemic heart disease | 14,713 (17.5%) | 3,784 (16.8%) | 8,460 (17.6%) | 726 (18.3%) | 1,743 (16.8%) | 5: 30.6% |
| [24.9%] | ||||||
| 6. Chronic kidney disease– hypertension | 12,891 (15.3%) | 2,725 (12.4%) | 7,698 (17.1%) | 742 (15.5%) | 1,726 (17.0%) | 10: 18.3% |
| [21.8%] | ||||||
| 7. Arthritis–hypertension | 12,200 (14.5%) | 3,259 (14.6%) | 6,788 (14.5%) | 642 (13.9%) | 1,511 (15.2%) | 3: 31.6% |
| [20.6%] | ||||||
| 8. Arthritis–hyperlipidemia | 11,491 (13.6%) | 2,959 (13.0%) | 6,548 (13.8%) | 567 (13.8%) | 1,417 (13.8%) | 7: 23.9% |
| [19.4%] | ||||||
| 9. Chronic kidney disease– hyperlipidemia | 11,247 (13.4%) | 2,322 (10.5%) | 6,765 (14.8%) | 642 (14.0%) | 1,518 (14.6%) | 18: 12.5% |
| [19.0%] | ||||||
| 10. Diabetes–ischemic heart disease | 8,691 (10.3%) | 1,783 (7.9%) | 5,220 (11.5%) | 503 (11.0%) | 1,185 (11.2%) | 9: 18.9% |
| [14.7%] | ||||||
| Triad | ||||||
| 1. Diabetes–hyperlipidemia– hypertension | 17,927 (21.3%) | 2,828 (12.4%) | 11,491 (24.7%) | 1,029 (25.4%) | 2,579 (23.6%) | 2: 31.6% |
| [40.2%] | ||||||
| 2. Hyperlipidemia– hypertension–ischemic heart disease | 13,248 (15.7%) | 3,229 (14.5%) | 7,737 (16.2%) | 677 (16.6%) | 1,605 (15.5%) | 1: 35.8% |
| [29.7%] | ||||||
| 3. Chronic kidney disease–hyperlipidemia– hypertension | 10,508 (12.5%) | 2,089 (9.5%) | 6,388 (14.0%) | 605 (13.1%) | 1,426 (13.7%) | 7: 18.6% |
| [23.6%] | ||||||
| 4. Arthritis–hyperlipidemia– hypertension | 9,752 (11.6%) | 2,341 (10.4%) | 5,651 (11.9%) | 513 (11.9%) | 1,247 (12.2%) | 3: 28.8% |
| [21.9%] | ||||||
| 5. Diabetes–hypertension– ischemic heart disease | 7,865 (9.3%) | 1,543 (6.9%) | 4,790 (10.5%) | 453 (10.1%) | 1,079 (10.2%) | 4: 21.5% |
| [17.7%] | ||||||
| 6. Diabetes– hyperlipidemia–ischemic heart disease | 7,413 (8.8%) | 1,452 (6.5%) | 4,527 (9.8%) | 417 (9.9%) | 1,017 (9.4%) | 8: 18.5% |
| [16.6%] | ||||||
| 7. Chronic kidney disease– diabetes–hypertension | 7,232 (8.6%) | 1,176 (5.3%) | 4,522 (10.5%) | 474 (9.1%) | 1,060 (10.1%) | 14: 13.9% |
| [16.2%] | ||||||
| 8. Chronic kidney disease– diabetes–hyperlipidemia | 6,585 (7.8%) | 1,069 (4.8%) | 4,138 (9.4%) | 425 (8.5%) | 953 (9.0%) | 23: 11.1% |
| [14.8%] | ||||||
| 9. Chronic kidney disease– hypertension–ischemic heart disease | 6,074 (7.2%) | 1,390 (6.4%) | 3,530 (8.0%) | 358 (6.9%) | 796 (8.0%) | 12: 16.1% |
| [13.6%] | ||||||
| 10. Chronic kidney disease– hyperlipidemia–ischemic heart disease | 5,671 (6.7%) | 1,439 (6.4%) | 3,182 (8.0%) | 316 (6.9%) | 734 (8.0%) | 16: 12.7% |
| [12.7%] | ||||||
Note. All conditions were significantly associated with race/ethnicity by chi-square tests (p value < .05). Age-adjusted prevalence rate was calculated using the three age groups (65–74, 75–84, and ≥85 years). PI = Pacific Islander; CMS = Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services; FFS = Fee-for-Service.
The numbers in the bracket were prevalence rates computed based on Hawaii Medicare FFS beneficiaries aged 65 years or older who had at least 2 and 3 of the chronic conditions with respect to dyads and triads.
The prevalence rates and national ranks of the beneficiaries aged ≥65 years were obtained from 2012 CMS annual report (accessed from https://www.cms.gov/Research-Statistics-Data-and-Systems/Statistics-Trends-and-Reports/Chronic-Conditions/CC_Main.html). The age-adjusted prevalence rates for dyads and triads were computed based on the U.S. Medicare FFS beneficiaries aged 65 years or older who have at least 2 and 3 of the chronic conditions, respectively.