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. 2017 Oct 10;7:12916. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-13365-5

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Sodium fluorocitrate protects against palmitate-induced death in INS-1 beta cells. INS-1 cells were treated with different concentrations of sodium fluorocitrate (SFC) in the presence of 0.4 mM palmitate (PA) for 16 h. (a) Viability was measured by MTT assay. (b) DNA fragmentation was measured with Cell Death Detection ELISA kit (Roche Applied Science, Mannheim, Germany). (c) Cleaved caspase 3 (C-Cas3) was measured by immunoblotting with anti-caspase 3 antibodies. Full-size original blots are presented in supplementary Fig. S6. (d) Islet cells isolated from db/db mice were treated with 0.2 mM SFC in the presence of 0.4 mM palmitate for 48 h. DNA fragmentation was measure with Cell Death Detection ELISA kit. Data are expressed as mean ± SE from three independent experiments and analyzed by one-way ANOVA (b,c,d) or two- way ANOVA (a). ^## p < 0.01; ^### p < 0.001 vs. BSA-treated cells. **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001 vs. palmitate-treated cells. (e) INS-1 cells were treated with different signal/metabolism modulators in the presence of 0.4 mM palmitate for 16 h. DNA fragmentation was determined by using Cell Death Detection ELISA kit. Maximum DNA fragmentation obtained by palmitate treatment was designated as 100%. Relative reduction of DNA fragmentations by treatment with different modulators was described. Data are presented as mean ± SE and analyzed by one-way ANOVA. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.01 vs. palmitate-treated INS-1 cells. Abbreviations for chemicals and their functions are included in supplementary abbreviations.