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. 2017 Oct 10;7:12916. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-13365-5

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Sodium fluorocitrate reduces cellular uptake of palmitate in INS-1 cells. (a) INS-1 cells were treated with 0.2 mM sodium fluorocitrate (SFC) in the presence or absence of 0.4 mM palmitate (PA) for indicated time period. Oxygen consumption rate (OCR) of palmitate as a carbon substrate was determined by using Seahorse XF24 extracellular analyzer. Data are presented as mean ± SE from three independent experiments and analyzed by two-way ANOVA. **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001 vs. palmitate-treated INS-1 cells. INS-1 cells were treated with 0.2 mM sodium fluorocitrate (SFC) (b) or 0.4 mM sulfo-N-succinimidyl oleate (SSO) (c) in the presence or absence of 0.4 mM palmitate (PA) for indicated time period. After treating with [¹⁴C]-palmitate for 30 min, radioactivities of [¹⁴C]-palmitate in cells were measured by using a beta counter. Data are expressed as mean ± SE and analyzed by two-way ANOVA. ***p < 0.001 vs. palmitate-treated INS-1 cells. (d) INS-1 cells were treated with 0.4 mM of palmitate in the presence of SSO for indicated time period. Levels of cleaved caspase 3 (C-Cas3) were analyzed by immunoblotting with anti-caspase 3 antibodies. Full size original blots are presented in supplementary Fig. S6. Data are presented as mean ± SE and analyzed by two-way ANOVA. ***p < 0.001 vs. DMSO-treated INS-1 cells.