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. 2017 Oct 10;7:12916. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-13365-5

Figure 6.

Figure 6

Sodium fluorocitrate improves hyperglycemia in db/db mice. Glucose levels (a) and insulin levels (b) in plasma after 6 h of fasting were determined in 18 weeks old db/db mice treated with SFC for 10 weeks (n = 10/group). (c,d) Area under the curves (AUCs) were obtained from intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (GTT) and insulin tolerance test (ITT) (Supplementary Fig. S5a and S5b). (e) Glucose-stimulated insulin release (GSIR) was determined by fold-increase of insulin level at 30 min after glucose infusion (0.5 g/kg) in 14 h-fasted mice (n = 5/group). (f) Pancreatic sections were immuno-stained with insulin antibody/HRP/DAB system and counterstained with methylene blue. Insulin index was determined by multiplying stained area and pixel of intensity in insulin-positive islets (n = 10 islets/group). (g) Pancreatic sections were immuno-stained with a guinea pig anti-insulin antibody or rabbit anti-cleaved caspase 3 antibody. Secondary immune reactions were carried out with Alexa Fluor 594-conjugated goat anti-guinea pig IgG or Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG antibodies, respectively. Red 594 or green 488 fluorescences was visualized using confocal microscope. Beta cell apoptosis in islets was determined by measuring cleaved caspase 3-positive cells in insulin-stained area (n = 10 islets/group). Data are presented as mean ± SE and analyzed by one-way ANOVA. # p < 0.05; ## p < 0.01; ### p < 0.001 vs. saline-treated db/+ mice. **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001 vs. saline-treated db/db mice.