Table 1.
Characteristics of study participants at baseline by changes in proteinuria.
| Variable | Total | Changes in proteinuria | P | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Elevated proteinuria | Stable proteinuria | Reduced proteinuria | |||
| Number of participants | 17,878 (100.00) | 2299 (12.86) | 14,032 (78.49) | 1547 (8.65) | |
| Age in years, mean (SD) | 52.87 (10.93) | 54.03 (11.41) | 52.63 (10.76) | 53.25 (11.53) | <0.0001 |
| Gender female, n (%) | 3027 (16.93) | 326 (14.18) | 2458 (17.52) | 243 (15.71) | 0.0002 |
| High school or above, n (%) | 3527 (19.73) | 376 (16.35) | 2878 (20.51) | 273 (17.65) | <0.0001 |
| Income ≥ 800RMB/month, n (%) | 2751 (15.39) | 302 (13.14) | 2252 (16.05) | 197 (12.73) | <0.0001 |
| Current smoker, n (%) | 6827 (38.19) | 872 (37.93) | 5372 (38.28) | 583 (37.69) | 0.8672 |
| Current alcohol, n (%) | 7613 (42.58) | 899 (39.10) | 6085 (43.37) | 629 (40.66) | 0.0002 |
| Active physical activity, n (%) | 3360 (18.79) | 402 (17.49) | 2640 (18.81) | 318 (20.56) | 0.0570 |
| BMI, kg/m2, mean (SD) | 25.78 (3.45) | 26.23 (3.50) | 25.83 (3.43) | 26.15 (3.56) | <0.0001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 9235 (51.66) | 1362 (59.24) | 6893 (49.12) | 980 (63.35) | <0.0001 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 5590 (31.27) | 945 (41.10) | 4026 (28.69) | 619 (40.01) | <0.0001 |
| Prediabetes, n (%) | 12,288 (68.73) | 1354 (58.90) | 10,006 (71.31) | 928 (59.99) | |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 7935 (44.38) | 1120 (48.72) | 6055 (43.15) | 760 (49.13) | <0.0001 |
| Fasting plasma glucose, mmol/l, mean (SD) | 7.04 (2.26) | 7.55 (2.74) | 6.90 (2.11) | 7.53 (2.56) | <0.0001 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/l, mean (SD) | 5.19 (1.11) | 5.16 (1.20) | 5.18 (1.08) | 5.30 (1.23) | 0.0061 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/l, mean (SD) | 1.95 (1.67) | 2.12 (1.72) | 1.90 (1.65) | 2.10 (1.75) | <.0001 |
| Low-density lipoprotein, mmol/l, mean (SD) | 2.53 (0.93) | 2.51 (1.10) | 2.53 (0.90) | 2.57 (1.01) | 0.0433 |
| High-density lipoprotein, mmol/l, mean (SD) | 1.52 (0.40) | 1.56 (0.42) | 1.51 (0.39) | 1.56 (0.44) | <0.0001 |
| Creatinine, μmol/l, mean (SD) | 90.08 (32.09) | 93.00(37.49) | 89.89 (30.80) | 87.44 (34.50) | <0.0001 |
| All-cause mortality, n (%) | 1193 (6.67) | 267 (11.61) | 784 (5.59) | 142 (9.18) | <0.0001 |
SD: standard deviation; BMI: body mass index.