Table 4.

Evolution of the kdr allele frequency in Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) populations in different ecological settings across Cameroon between 1997 and 2017

Sites		Kdr allele frequency (%)
	Kdr alleles	1997–2000	2001–2005	2006–2010	2011–2017
Urban sites (Forest areas)a	L1014F	0	0–75.0	6.8–98.0	33.0–98.0
	L1014S	0	8.3	0–21.0	–
Rural sites (Forest areas)b	L1014F	–	4.0–53.4	5.0–62.7	69.7
	L1014S	0	0	0–40.0	–
Urban sites (Sahelian, dry and humid savanna areas)c	L1014F	0	–	18.7	15.0–97.0
	L1014S	0	–	3.1	–
Rural sites (Sahelian, dry and humid savanna areas)d	L1014F	0	2.5	0–62.0	0–100
	L1014S	0	–	0–18.0	2.0
Rural sites (grassfields Highland area)e	L1014F	0	37.0–84.9	38.0–84.0	–
	L1014S	0	4.8–14.5	0–24.0	–

^aUrban sites (forest and humid savanna area) include Douala, Yaoundé, Bertoua, Kribi, Limbe, Mbalmayo and Nkongsamba

^bRural sites (forest and humid savanna area) include Mbebe, Nsimalen, Mbandjock, Akonolinga, Campo, Djoum, Soa, Tiko, Loum Mengong, Idenau, Ipono, Dabadi and Manoka

^cUrban sites (Dry savanna area) include Garoua, Ngaoundéré, Kousseri and Kaélé

^dRural sites (Savanna area) include Pitoa, Gounougou, Gashiga, Maga, Boklé, Lagdo and Tibati

^eRural sites (grassfields highland area): Foumbot, Ndop, Mangoum, Santchou and Makoutchietoum

Abbreviations: L1014F kdr allele from West Africa, L1014S kdr allele from East Africa, − data not available