Table 1.
Intercorrelations and descriptive statistics (N = 122 first graders).
| Measures | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rapid naming measures | |||||||||||||||
| (1) Color RAN | – | ||||||||||||||
| (2) Object RAN | 0.66∗∗ | – | |||||||||||||
| (3) Vowel RAN | 0.69∗∗ | 0.60∗∗ | – | ||||||||||||
| (4) Consonant RAN | 0.56∗∗ | 0.53∗∗ | 0.64∗∗ | – | |||||||||||
| (5) Digit RAN | 0.63∗∗ | 0.60∗∗ | 0.58∗∗ | 0.51∗∗ | – | ||||||||||
| (6) Dice RAN | 0.69∗∗ | 0.68∗∗ | 0.73∗∗ | 0.54∗∗ | 0.71∗∗ | – | |||||||||
| (7) Finger-numeral RAN | 0.56∗∗ | 0.53∗∗ | 0.60∗∗ | 0.44∗∗ | 0.60∗∗ | 0.63∗∗ | – | ||||||||
| Academic measures assessed 4 months later | |||||||||||||||
| Reading accuracy | |||||||||||||||
| (8) One-minute test | -0.26∗ | -0.29∗ | -0.44∗∗ | -0.38∗∗ | -0.35∗∗ | -0.31∗∗ | -0.23∗ | – | |||||||
| (9) Word reading accuracy | -0.24∗ | -0.31∗ | -0.43∗∗ | -0.48∗∗ | -0.34∗∗ | -0.28∗ | -0.22∗ | 0.76∗∗ | – | ||||||
| (10) Text reading accuracy | -0.23∗ | -0.33∗ | -0.41∗∗ | -0.42∗∗ | -0.35∗∗ | -0.28∗ | -0.22∗ | 0.71∗∗ | 0.85∗∗ | ||||||
| Reading speed | |||||||||||||||
| (11) Word reading speed | 0.28∗ | 0.30∗∗ | 0.37∗∗ | 0.32∗∗ | 0.42∗∗ | 0.27∗ | 0.16 | -0.73∗∗ | -0.66∗∗ | -0.65∗∗ | – | ||||
| (12) Text reading speed | 0.27∗ | 0.25∗ | 0.29∗ | 0.30∗∗ | 0.40∗∗ | 0.24∗ | 0.09 | -0.71∗∗ | -0.64∗∗ | -0.62∗∗ | 0.89∗∗ | – | |||
| Arithmetic | |||||||||||||||
| (13) Addition | -0.23∗ | -0.25∗ | -0.27∗ | -0.23∗ | -0.15∗ | -0.26∗∗ | -0.26∗ | 0.33∗∗ | 0.28∗ | 0.30∗ | -0.29∗∗ | -0.25∗∗ | – | ||
| (14) Subtraction | -0.08 | -0.26∗ | -0.22∗ | -0.21∗ | -0.08 | -0.22∗∗ | -0.29∗ | 0.39∗∗ | 0.38∗∗ | 35∗∗ | -0.29∗∗ | -0.25∗∗ | 0.48∗∗ | – | |
| (15) Processing speed | -0.07 | -0.03 | -0.09 | -0.10 | -0.09 | -0.11 | -0.16 | -0.14 | -0.12 | -0.03 | 0.21∗ | 0.26∗ | 0.28∗ | 0.09 | |
| Mean | 51.52 | 58.59 | 47.74 | 58.23 | 40.72 | 43.42 | 46.77 | 17.70 | 3.47 | 15.74 | 30.87 | 84.86 | 11.23 | 7.80 | 14.84 |
| SD | 16.31 | 13.81 | 15.84 | 22.79 | 11.17 | 11.58 | 11.05 | 8.59 | 1.20 | 6.45 | 19.91 | 47.87 | 4.50 | 5.54 | 7.64 |
| Skewness | 1.21 | 0.40 | 1.20 | 1.37 | 1.01 | 0.94 | 0.93 | 0.67 | -0.69 | -1.13 | 1.65 | 1.12 | -0.50 | 0.07 | 1.21 |
| Kurtosis | 1.11 | -0.64 | 1.40 | 2.29 | 0.79 | 1.05 | 0.98 | 0.49 | 0.15 | 0.48 | 3.10 | 1.65 | -0.02 | -1.06 | 2.70 |
Pearson correlations reaching significance at the 0.05 alpha levels are bold, ∗∗p < 0.001 and ∗p < 0.05. Age has been controlled for. RAN, rapid automatized naming.