Table 1. Self-reported characteristics, and prevalence of chronic worry about racial discrimination (chronic worry) by those characteristics, among eligible U.S.-born non-Latino Black and White women with singleton live births in California, MIHA 2011–2014.
| U.S.-born Black women (n = 2,201) | U.S.-born White women (n = 8,122) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | % distribution of characteristics Column % |
% who reported chronic worry* Row % |
% distribution of characteristics Column % |
% who reported chronic worry* Row % |
| Overall | 100.0 | 36.9 (32.9–40.9) | 100.0 | 5.5 (4.5–6.5) |
| Social/demographic factors | ||||
| Maternal age | ⱡ | ⱡ | ||
| 15–19 | 10.6 (7.8–13.4) | 24.7 (15.1–34.3) | 3.1 (2.5–3.6) | 8.6 (3.0–14.2) |
| 20–24 | 30.7 (26.9–34.6) | 30.5 (24.2–36.8) | 15.3 (13.9–16.7) | 9.7 (6.2–13.1) |
| 25–29 | 26.5 (22.4–30.5) | 40.0 (31.2–48.7) | 28.8 (26.9–30.7) | 5.0 (3.2–6.7) |
| 30–34 | 21.3 (17.4–25.1) | 44.7 (34.8–54.6) | 32.6 (30.7–34.5) | 4.6 (3.1–6.2) |
| 35+ | 10.9 (8.4–13.5) | 44.2 (32.5–55.9) | 20.2 (18.4–22.0) | 4.0 (1.8–6.1) |
| Parity | ⱡ | |||
| Primiparous | 42.0 (37.5–46.4) | 33.3 (27.0–39.6) | 45.5 (43.4–47.6) | 5.0 (3.3–6.6) |
| 2–3 births | 41.2 (37.2–45.1) | 42.8 (37.0–48.6) | 47.8 (45.7–49.9) | 5.9 (4.6–7.3) |
| 4+ births | 16.9 (13.2–20.6) | 31.2 (21.5–40.9) | 6.7 (5.8–7.6) | 5.9 (3.2–8.6) |
| Marital status | ⱡ | |||
| Married | 26.0 (22.4–29.6) | 47.5 (39.4–55.6) | 73.1 (71.4–74.8) | 5.0 (3.8–6.2) |
| Living with a partner | 29.5 (25.3–33.7) | 34.6 (26.7–42.6) | 16.6 (15.2–18.0) | 6.5 (4.6–8.4) |
| Single, separated, divorced, widowed |
44.5 (40.2–48.8) | 31.9 (26.7–37.1) | 10.3 (9.0–11.5) | 7.7 (3.8–11.6) |
| Family income | ⱡ | ⱡ | ||
| < = 100% poverty | 65.6 (62.0–69.3) | 31.8 (27.0–36.7) | 21.3 (19.8–22.9) | 9.0 (6.5–11.4) |
| 101–200% | 18.9 (15.6–22.2) | 44.3 (34.8–53.8) | 15.9 (14.4–17.4) | 7.3 (5.0–9.7) |
| >200% | 15.5 (13.2–17.8) | 49.7 (40.8–58.5) | 62.8 (60.9–64.7) | 3.8 (2.6–5.1) |
| Education | ⱡ | ⱡ | ||
| Less than high school |
13.8 (11.1–16.5) | 33.8 (24.1–43.4) | 5.1 (4.2–5.9) | 9.7 (5.5–13.8) |
| High school/GED | 24.2 (20.4–28.1) | 24.7 (18.1–31.2) | 11.6 (10.4–12.8) | 6.6 (4.0–9.1) |
| Some college | 45.3 (41.0–49.6) | 40.5 (34.3–46.7) | 37.6 (35.6–39.6) | 6.2 (4.5–8.0) |
| College graduate | 16.7 (13.5–19.8) | 47.5 (36.7–58.3) | 45.7 (43.7–47.8) | 4.1 (2.6–5.5) |
| Percent of census-tract residents with incomes below poverty level | ⱡ | |||
| <5% | 4.5 (3.3–5.7) | 33.8 (21.5–46.1) | 18.4 (16.7–20.1) | 2.7 (1.4–4.0) |
| 5-<10% | 11.3 (8.8–13.7) | 38.0 (26.9–49.0) | 29.5 (27.6–31.4) | 5.3 (3.4–7.2) |
| 10-<20% | 29.2 (25.0–33.4) | 39.4 (31.0–47.8) | 33.3 (31.3–35.2) | 6.2 (4.3–8.1) |
| >20% | 55.0 (50.7–59.4) | 35.6 (30.4–40.8) | 18.9 (17.3–20.4) | 7.2 (4.7–9.6) |
| Number of major stressors during pregnancy | ⱡ | ⱡ | ||
| 0 | 43.4 (38.9–48.0) | 29.1 (23.4–34.9) | 65.3 (63.3–67.2) | 3.7 (2.6–4.8) |
| 1 | 23.4 (19.8–27.1) | 38.9 (29.9–48.0) | 18.1 (16.5–19.7) | 5.8 (3.7–7.9) |
| 2–3 | 23.3 (19.6–27.0) | 47.4 (38.6–56.2) | 12.4 (11.1–13.7) | 9.9 (6.8–13.0) |
| 4 or more | 9.8 (7.4–12.3) | 47.6 (35.5–59.7) | 4.2 (3.4–5.0) | 18.0 (8.9–27.1) |
| Depressive symptoms during pregnancy |
ⱡ | ⱡ | ||
| Yes | 21.1 (17.5–24.8) | 48.2 (38.7–57.7) | 9.9 (8.8–11.1) | 10.7 (7.6–13.8) |
| No | 78.9 (75.2–82.5) | 33.9 (29.3–38.5) | 90.1 (88.9–91.2) | 4.9 (3.9–6.0) |
| Behavioral factors | ||||
| Smoked in the 3 months pre-pregnancy | ⱡ | |||
| Yes | 20.4 (16.8–24.0) | 41.2 (32.1–50.3) | 19.6 (18.0–21.2) | 7.9 (5.3–10.5) |
| No | 79.6 (76.0–83.2) | 35.1 (30.8–39.4) | 80.4 (78.8–82.0) | 4.9 (3.9–6.0) |
| Binge drank during pregnancy |
ⱡ | |||
| Yes | 6.1 (4.3–7.8) | 55.1 (41.0–69.3) | 6.8 (5.8–7.8) | 7.3 (1.6–12.9) |
| No | 93.9 (92.2–95.7) | 35.2 (31.3–39.1) | 93.2 (92.2–94.2) | 5.4 (4.4–6.4) |
| Unintended pregnancy |
ⱡ | |||
| Yes a | 66.2 (62.0–70.5) | 35.5 (31.0–40.0) | 33.4 (31.4–35.3) | 7.4 (5.4–9.4) |
| No b | 33.8 (29.5–38.0) | 39.3 (31.9–46.8) | 66.6 (64.7–68.6) | 4.3 (3.3–5.4) |
| Medical/medical care factors | ||||
| Lacked first-trimester prenatal care |
ⱡ | ⱡ | ||
| Yes | 16.7 (13.2–20.2) | 28.6 (20.6–36.5) | 7.7 (6.7–8.7) | 8.3 (5.6–11.1) |
| No | 83.3 (79.8–86.8) | 38.6 (34.1–43.1) | 92.3 (91.3–93.3) | 5.3 (4.2–6.3) |
| Interpregnancy interval (multiparous women) | ||||
| <6 months | 6.1 (3.5–8.6) | 31.9 (16.0–47.9) | 3.7 (2.5–4.9) | 3.4 (0.0–6.9) |
| 6–11 months | 12.9 (9.3–16.6) | 32.6 (20.1–45.1) | 12.2 (10.5–13.9) | 5.8 (3.0–8.7) |
| 12–23 months | 16.8 (12.3–21.2) | 38.3 (25.5–51.1) | 32.5 (30.0–35.1) | 5.1 (3.3–6.8) |
| 24+ months | 64.2 (58.7–69.8) | 41.8 (35.0–48.6) | 51.6 (48.9–54.3) | 6.7 (4.7–8.7) |
| Self-reported health pre-pregnancy |
ⱡ | |||
| Poor or fair | 9.8 (7.5–12.1) | 40.6 (29.6–51.6) | 3.8 (3.2–4.5) | 11.7 (6.8–16.7) |
| Good, very good, or excellent |
90.2 (87.9–92.5) | 36.4 (32.1–40.7) | 96.2 (95.5–96.8) | 5.3 (4.2–6.3) |
| Diabetes diagnosis pre-pregnancy | ||||
| Yes | 2.2 (1.3–3.1) | 27.8 (10.3–45.2) | 1.2 (0.7–1.6) | 6.3 (0.9–11.7) |
| No | 97.8 (96.9–98.7) | 37.1 (33.0–41.2) | 98.8 (98.4–99.3) | 5.3 (4.4–6.3) |
| Hypertension diagnosis pre-pregnancy |
ⱡ | |||
| Yes | 6.2 (4.3–8.1) | 56.4 (41.2–71.7) | 2.8 (2.1–3.5) | 3.9 (1.3–6.6) |
| No | 93.8 (91.9–95.7) | 35.6 (31.5–39.7) | 97.2 (96.5–97.9) | 5.6 (4.5–6.6) |
| Underweight (BMI<18.5) pre-pregnancy | ||||
| Yes | 4.7 (3.1–6.3) | 29.8 (13.1–46.4) | 4.3 (3.3–5.3) | 3.5 (0.5–6.4) |
| No | 95.3 (93.7–96.9) | 37.1 (32.9–41.2) | 95.7 (94.7–96.7) | 5.6 (4.5–6.6) |
| Pregnancy weight gain | ||||
| Inadequate | 19.5 (16.0–22.9) | 37.5 (28.6–46.3) | 14.7 (13.1–16.2) | 4.2 (2.6–5.8) |
| Adequate or excessive |
80.5 (77.1–84.0) | 36.5 (31.9–41.1) | 85.3 (83.8–86.9) | 5.7 (4.6–6.9) |
* Chronic worry about racial discrimination (“chronic worry”) was defined as responding “very often” or”somewhat often” to the question: “Overall during your life until now, how often have you worried that you might be treated or judged unfairly because of your race or ethnic group?”
ⱡ Chi-square test for difference in percentage reporting chronic worry across the categories (within a racial group) was significant.
a Unwanted, mistimed, or unsure
b Wanted to get pregnant then