FIG 1 .

Summary of the indirect and direct interactions of bacteria and lipopolysaccharide on pathogenic viruses. A schematic representation summarizing the indirect and direct effects of bacteria and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on influenza A virus (IAV) and other enteric viral pathogens is shown. Bacteria and LPS have been shown to indirectly limit the pathogenicity of IAV in mice through the different stimulating components of the immune system. Bacterial LPS has been demonstrated to interact directly with poliovirus and mouse mammary tumor virus, resulting in increased stability and transmission, respectively. The direct interactions and effects of bacteria and LPS with influenza virions are unclear. IFN, interferon.