TABLE 1.
Characteristics of the study population
| Population characteristics | Sample size | Maternal season of birth | Total | Sample size | Paternal season of birth | Total | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| January–June | July–December | January–June | July–December | |||||
| Offspring sex [n (%)] | ||||||||
| Female | 1376 | 687 (47.0) | 689 (50.4) | 1376 (48.6) | 795 | 422 (51.4) | 373 (47.2) | 795 (49.4) |
| Male | 1453 | 776 (53.0) | 677 (49.6) | 1453 (51.4) | 814 | 399 (48.6) | 415 (52.7) | 814 (50.6) |
| Offspring season of birth [n (%)] | ||||||||
| Harvest season: January–June | 1463 | 716 (52.0) | 747 (51.5) | 1463 (51.7) | 821 | 395 (51.2) | 426 (50.8) | 821 (51.0) |
| Hungry season: July–December | 1366 | 661 (48.0) | 705 (48.5) | 1366 (48.3) | 788 | 376 (48.8) | 412 (49.2) | 788 (49.0) |
| Offspring gestational age at birth (wk) | 1184 | 38.96 ± 1.62 | 38.83 ± 1.54 | 38.90 ± 1.58 | 508 | 39.01 ± 1.57 | 38.74 ± 1.60a | 38.87 ± 1.59 |
| Offspring birth weight (kg) | 2097 | 2.984 ± 0.40 | 2.949 ± 0.42a | 2.967 ± 0.42 | 1155 | 2.973 ± 0.42 | 2.957 ± 0.42 | 2.957 ± 0.42 |
| Offspring birth length (mm) | 1172 | 496.6 ± 0.99 | 492.4 ± 1.12a | 494.7 ± 0.75 | 756 | 493.8 ± 25.90 | 494.2 ± 26.23 | 494.0 ± 26.04 |
| Offspring WAZ at 24 mo | 1841 | −1.497 ± 0.96 | −1.499 ± 0.99 | −1.498 ± 0.97 | 923 | −1.400 ± 0.95 | −1.460 ± 0.95 | −1.430 ± 0.95 |
| Offspring HAZ at 24 mo | 1839 | −1.675 ± 1.15 | −1.691 ± 1.09 | −1.682 ± 1.12 | 923 | −1.494 ± 1.17 | −1.703 ± 1.07a | −1.598 ± 1.12 |
| Offspring WHZ at 24 mo | 1839 | −0.867 ± 1.00 | −0.867 ± 1.02 | −0.867 ± 1.01 | 923 | −0.877 ± 0.97 | −0.802 ± 1.01 | −0.840 ± 0.99 |
| Maternal age (yr) | 2827 | 26.62 ± 6.87 | 26.20 ± 6.81 | 26.42 ± 6.85 | 1335 | 25.24 ± 5.90 | 24.83 ± 6.36 | 25.04 ± 6.13 |
| Maternal height (mm) | 2536 | 1597.1 ± 55.2 | 1595.3 ± 62.0 | 1596.2 ± 58.6 | 1342 | 1604.7 ± 62.1 | 1603.6 ± 54.2 | 1604.2 ± 58.5 |
| Parity [n (%)] | ||||||||
| Primiparous | 812 | 408 (27.9) | 404 (29.6) | 812 (28.7) | 555 | 278 (33.9) | 277 (35.2) | 555 (34.5) |
| Multiparous | 2017 | 1055 (72.1) | 962 (70.4) | 2017 (71.3) | 1054 | 543 (66.1) | 511 (64.8) | 1054 (65.5) |
| Paternal height (mm) | 2119 | 1684.3 ± 53.3 | 1700.3 ± 57.8a | 1692.2 ± 56.6 | 1124 | 1702.8 ± 66.1 | 1694.1 ± 57.0a | 1698.3 ± 61.6 |
Data are are presented as means ± sd unless otherwise noted. aEvidence for a difference between parental seasons of birth, P ≤ 0.05.