The mechanism underlying non-motor symptoms may be reflected in the progression of α-synuclein deposition (Braak stage). LC locus coeruleus, MCRF magnocellular reticular nucleus, NBM nucleus basalis of Meynert, OB olfactory bulb, PPN pedunculopontine nucleus, RN raphe nucleus, SLD sub-laterodorsal nucleus, SN substantia nigra, VN vagus nerve.