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. 2017 Oct 11;7:12973. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-13481-2

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Sporadic plague outbreak (N < 5) did not follow the pattern of major trade routes. The red spots represent the locations of sporadic outbreak of plague (856 locations). The blue lines indicate the major trade route within our study period. The black dots identify the major trade ports with plague outbreak. The trade ports with no reported plague outbreak within our study period are labeled in grey dots. The map is generated in ArcGIS version 10.1 (www.esri.com/software/arcgis).