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. 2017 Apr 18;51(6):833–845. doi: 10.1007/s12160-017-9906-0

Table 1.

Summary of each included full text article

Author/country Design Participants Number Medication adherence measure Psychological determinants Psychological determinant measure Key findings [95% CI] P values % of max quality scorea
Sample 1
Bushnell (2010) / USA [43] Prospective Ischaemic stroke (1712) and TIA (465) 2177 Comparison- discharge vs. current medications (measured by modified MMAQ) Understanding how to refill medications Unclear from paper OR 1.64 [1.04–2.58] P = 0.03 61.5
Understanding why medications are being taken Unclear from paper OR 1.81 [1.19–2.76] P = 0.006
EQ-5D score EuroQoL-5D OR 2.33 [1.24–4.38] P = 0.009
Bushnell (2011) / USA [44] Prospective Ischaemic stroke and TIA 2092 Comparison- discharge vs. current medications (measured by modified MMQ) Receiving medication instructions The Primary Care Assessment Survey OR 1.43 [1.13–1.81] P < 0.003 61.5
Understanding medication side effects Unclear from paper OR 1.29 [1.02–1.63] P = 0.032
Understanding why medications are being taken Unclear from paper OR 1.49 [1.03–2.17] P = 0.036
Sample 2
Edmondson (2013)/ USA [45] Cross-sectional TIA and undefined stroke 535 8 item MMAQ PTSD symptoms PCL-S OR 1.02 [1.00–1.05] 0.1 > p > 0.05c 90.9
Specific concerns BMQ (specific) OR 1.17 [1.10–1.25] p < 0.05c
Depressive symptoms PHQ-8 OR 1.02 [0.97–1.08] p > 0.05c
Kronish (2012)/ USA [36] Cross-sectional Undefined stroke 535 8 item MMAQ Likely PTSD PCL-S OR 2.69 [1.71–4.23] P < 0.05c 90.9
Possible PTSD PCL-S OR 1.86 [1.27–2.74] p < 0.05c
Depressive symptoms PHQ-8 OR 1.12 [0.88–1.42] p > 0.05c
Kronish (2013) /USA [46] Cross-sectional TIA and undefined stroke 600 8 item MMAQ High concerns about medications Modified BMQ Specific Concerns (X4 items) OR 5.09 [2.81–9.24] p < 0.001 90.9
Low perceived need of medications Modified BMQ Specific Necessity OR 1.23 [0.79–1.91] P = 0.36
Low knowledge of stroke risk factors NV-Qx1 State 3 most important things would recommend to others to lower stroke risk OR 1.22 [0.76–1.96] P = 0.42
Low trust in personal doctor Adapted Trust in Doctors Scale (×3 items) OR 1.30 [0.84–2.01] P = 0.23
Perceive discrimination due to race, ethnicity, education, or income NV-5 point Likert scale OR 1.79 [1.14–2.81] P = 0.01
Phillips (2014) / USA [37] Cross-sectional TIA (284) and undefined stroke (316) 600 8 item MMAQ Necessity beliefs Adapted BMQ Specific β = 0.25 [0.07–0.42] P < 0.01 72.7
Concerns Adapted BMQ Specific β = −0.81 [−0.96 to −0.66] P < 0.001
Phillips (2015) / USA [38] Cross-sectional TIA (284) and undefined stroke (316) 600 8 item MMAQ Affective illness items NV-Q ×1 Level of worry about future stroke r = −.27 p = 0.001
β −0.14, R 2 0.02 (F (1, 564) = 12.33)		 P < 0.001 72.7
Cognitive illness items NV-Q ×2 How well blood pressure and cholesterol is controlled r = 0.29 p = 0.001
β 0.18, R 2 0.03 (F(1, 564) = 22.16)		 P < 0.001
Affective treatment items BMQ Specific Concerns (×3 items) r = −0.40 p = 0.001
β −0.31, R 2 0.08 (F(1, 564) = 56.71)		 P < 0.001
Cognitive treatment items BMQ-specific necessity (×3 items) + NV-“‘How much do you think medicines can help prevent strokes?” r = 0.12 p = 0.01
β 0.13, R 2 0.02 (F(1, 564) = 11.62)		 P < 0.01
Sample 3
Coetzee (2008) /Australia [39] Prospective Ischaemic (14) and haemorrhagic (11) stroke 25 Q1 and 2 on TAS Pill Counts (Partner) Emotional dyscontrol EFQ r = −0.66 P < 0.01 84.6
Language skills EFQ r = −0.44 P < 0.001
Memory EFQ r = −0.54 P < 0.001
Planning and organisation EFQ r = −0.52 P < 0.001
Anger ESDQ r = −0.63 P < 0.01
Emotional dyscontrol ESDQ r = −0.76 P < 0.001
Helplessness ESDQ r = −o.64 P < 0.01
Inertia ESDQ r = −0.61 P < 0.01
Fatigue ESDQ r = −0.52 P < 0.01
Indifference ESDQ r = −0.54 P < 0.01
EUPHORIA ESDQ r = −0.51 P < 0.01
(Partner) Emotional dyscontrol ESDQ r = −0.51 P < 0.001
(Partner) Inertia ESDQ r = −0.51 P < 0.01
Anxiety HADS r = −0.74 P < 0.001
Specific necessity BMQ Specific r = −0.53 P < 0.01
Care received at home Questions in TAS r = 0.53 P < 0.01
Sample 4
O’Carroll (2011) /UK [13] Prospective Ischaemic stroke 180 Urine samples MARS Specific medication concerns BMQ Specific β = −0.254 P < 0.01 76.9
MMSE score MMSE β = 0.000 NS p > 0.05c
Perceived benefit of medication NV-Adapted Q.sd β = 0.273 P < 0.001
RMBT score RBMT β = 0.167 NS p > 0.05c
Risk perception of further stroke NV-Visual analogue 0–100 scale β = −0.044 NS p > 0.05c
Illness perceptions-acute/chronic timeline IPQ β = 0.002 NS p > 0.05c
Illness perceptions- treatment control IPQ β = −0.021 NS p > 0.05c
Specific necessity BMQ specific β = −0.022 NS p > 0.05c
Desire for medications now NV-Adapted Q.s1 β = −0.140 NS p > 0.05c
HADS total HADS β = 0.064 NS p > 0.05c
Sample 5
Glader (2010) /Swedenb[40] Prospective Ischaemic and undefined stroke 21,077 Data Linkage- RiksStroke with the Swedish Prescribed Drug Register Support of next of kin Items from the RiksStroke Register AH: OR 1.13 [1.02–1.25]
S: NS
AP: NS
W: OR 0.98 [0.76–1.26]		 p ≤ 0.001
p > 0.05c
p > 0.05c
P ≤ 0.05		 69.2
Self-perceived general health Items from the RiksStroke Register AH: OR 0.86 [0.76–0.98]
S: OR 0.69 [0.59–0.80]
AP: OR 0.79 [0.70–0.89]
W: NS 		P ≤ 0.02
P ≤ 0.001
P ≤ 0.001
p > 0.05c
Low mood Items from the RiksStroke Register AH: OR 0.88 [0.79–0.98]
S: OR 1.12 [0.98–1.28]
AP: OR 0.92 [0.83–1.02]
W: NS 		p ≤ 0.001
P < 0.09
P ≤ 0.04
p > 0.05c
Satisfaction with hospital care and support Items from the RiksStroke Register AH: NS
S: NS
AP: NS
W: NS 		p > 0.05c
p > 0.05c
p > 0.05c
p > 0.05c
Sample 6
Sjölander (2011) /Swedenb [41] Prospective Ischaemic stroke (men: 9331; women: 9016) 19,347 Prescription refills Self-reported depression Items from the RiksStroke Register Men: PR 0.96 [0.88–1.05]
Women: PR 1.00 [0.93–1.08]		 p > 0.05c
p > 0.05c 		69.2
Self-reported bad general health Items from the RiksStroke Register Men: PR 0.99 [0.90–1.09]
Women: PR 0.97 [0.89–1.06]		 p > 0.05c
p > 0.05c
Dissatisfied with care Items from the RiksStroke Register Men: PR 0.92 [0.74–1.14]
Women: PR 0.93 [0.75–1.16]		 p > 0.05c
p > 0.05c
Dissatisfied with support Items from the RiksStroke Register Men: PR 0.99 [0.89–1.10]
Women: PR 0.99 [0.90–1.10]		 p > 0.05c
p > 0.05c
Sample 7
Sjölander (2013) /Sweden [42] Cross-sectional Haemorrhagic (40) and undefined stroke (538) 578 MARS Specific necessity BMQ OR 0.90 [0.83–0.98] P = 0.079 84.6
Specific concerns BMQ OR 1.12 [1.05–1.21] P < 0.001
General overuse BMQ OR 1.29 [1.14–1.45] P < 0.001
General harm BMQ OR 1.12 [1.01–1.24] P = 0.038
General benefit BMQ OR 0.77 [0.68–0.87] P < 0.001

NS not significant, MMAQ Morisky Medication Adherence Questionnaire, MARS Medication Adherence Report Scale, TAS Treatment Assessment Schedule, BMQ Beliefs About Medicines Questionnaire, PCL-S Modified PTSD Checklist-Specific to stroke/mini stroke, EQ-5D EuroQoL-5D, PHQ-8 8-item Patient Health Questionnaire Depression Scale, EFQ Everyday Functioning Questionnaire, ESDQ The Emotional and Social Dysfunction Questionnaire, HADS The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, MMSE The Mini-Mental State Examination, RMBT The Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test, IPQ The Illness Perception Questionnaire, NV non-validated, AH anti-hypertensives, S statins, AP anti-platelets, W warfarin

aPercentage of Maximum quality score (see supplementary Material 3 for full quality scoring table)

bPotential overlap of samples as same data source was utilised across different dates

cExact P values not reported in original paper;

dTrewby, P. N., Reddy, A. V., Trewby, C. S., Ashton, V. J., Brennan, G., & Inglis, J. (2002). Are preventive drugs preventive enough? A study of patients’ expectation of benefit from preventive drugs. Clin Med., 2(6), 527–533