Table 2.
Summary of studies on the association between particulate matter and bladder cancer
| Study | Method | Subjects | Main result |
|---|---|---|---|
| Castaño-Vinyals et al. (2008) [46] | Case-control study | 1,219 Incident cases and 1,271 hospital controls | Living more than 40 years in a large city was associated with bladder cancer (OR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.04–1.63). |
| Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and diesel were associated with an increased risk (OR, 1.29; 95% CI, 0.85–1.98) | |||
| Liu et al. (2009) [47] | Matched case-control study | Deaths occurring in Taiwan from 1995 through 2005 were compared with pair matched controls. | Significant association between the levels of air pollution and bladder cancer mortality (OR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.03–1.82). Statistically significant trend in the risk of death from bladder cancer with increasing air pollution level. |
| Yanagi et al. (2012) [45] | Ecological time series study | Incidence and mortality for each type of cancer in the districts with air quality monitoring were correlated with PM10 values. | Pearson correlation showed high incidence rates for bladder cancer with PM10. |
| Smith et al. (2016) [48] | Population-based cohorts | National Cancer Institute age-adjusted, county-level bladder cancer mortality data from 1950 to 2007 were analyzed. | Smoking, unemployment, physically unhealthy days, air pollution ozone days, percent of houses with well water, employment in the mining industry, and urban residences were associated with increased rates of bladder cancer |
| Pedersen et al. (2016) [23] | Population-based cohorts | Fifteen population-based cohorts enrolled between 1985 and 2005 in eight European countries (n=303,431; mean follow-up 14.1 years) | None of the exposures (PM2.5, PM10, and nitrogen oxides) were associated with bladder cancer. |
| Yeh et al. (2017) [22] | Population-based cohort | Geographically weighted regression was applied | Ambient PM2.5 showed a positive correlation with bladder cancer mortality in males in northern Taiwan and females in most of the townships in Taiwan. |
PM, particulate matter; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.