| 1999 |
D’Urso et al. (10) |
Osteogenesis imperfecta, cervicothoracic deformity, lumbar spinal fusion, cervical osteoblastoma |
Polymer |
Stereolithography |
$1,000 US |
2 days |
| 1999 |
D’Urso et al. (11) |
Craniofacial, maxillofacial and skull base cervical spine pathologies |
Polymer |
Stereolithography |
– |
– |
| 2005 |
D’Urso et al. (12) |
Complex spinal disorders |
Acrylate |
Stereolithography |
– |
– |
| 2007 |
Guarino et al. (13) |
Multiplane spinal and pelvic deformities |
Polymer |
Stereolithography, fused deposition modelling |
$600–$2,500 |
– |
| 2007 |
Izatt et al. (14) |
Deformities, spinal tumours |
Polymer |
Stereolithography |
$900–$1,500 |
12–16 hrs |
| 2007 |
Paiva et al. (15) |
Cervical Ewing Sarcoma |
Polymer |
Stereolithography |
– |
– |
| 2008 |
Mizutani et al. (16) |
Rheumatoid cervical spine |
Polyurethane, plaster |
Stereolithography |
– |
– |
| 2009 |
Madrazo et al. (17) |
Degenerative cervical disease, instrumental failure |
Polymer |
Stereolithography |
– |
– |
| 2010 |
Mao et al. (18) |
Kyphoscoliosis, congenital malformations, neuromuscular disease |
Polystyrene |
Selective laser sintering (SLS) |
2,000 RMB |
5–16 hrs |
| 2010 |
Yang et al. (19) |
Kyphoscoliosis |
Polymer |
SLS |
– |
– |
| 2011 |
Wu et al. (20) |
Severe congenital scoliosis |
– |
Fused deposition modelling |
$300 |
– |
| 2013 |
Toyoda et al. (21) |
Atlantoaxial subluxation |
– |
– |
– |
– |
| 2014 |
Yang et al. (22) |
Atlantoaxial instability |
Polymer |
SLS |
$330 US |
– |
| 2015 |
Li et al. (23) |
Revision lumbar discectomy |
Polystyrene |
SLS |
– |
– |
| 2015 |
Kim et al. (24) |
Thoracic tumours |
Polylactic acid |
Stereolithography |
– |
– |
| 2015 |
Sugimoto et al. (25) |
Congenital kyphosis |
– |
Rapid prototyping |
– |
– |
| 2015 |
Yang et al. (26) |
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis |
Polystyrene |
SLS |
– |
– |
| 2016 |
Goel et al. (27) |
Craniovertebral junction anomalies |
– |
Colourjet printing |
$350 US |
5 hrs |
| 2016 |
Wang et al. (28) |
Congenital scoliosis, atlas neoplasm, atlantoaxial dislocation |
Polymer |
Stereolithography |
2,000–3,000 RMB |
9–27 hrs |
| 2016 |
Xiao et al. (29) |
Cervical bone tumours |
Polylactic acid |
– |
– |
– |
| 2017 |
Guo et al. (30) |
Cervical spine diseases |
Polylactic acid |
Stereolithography |
– |
– |
