Table 5.

Adjusted association of any substance abuse/dependence at 17 years with PCE status.

	Any Substance Abuse/Dependencea
	Model 1		Model 2
	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI
PCE	2.51*	1.00–6.28	1.83	0.71–4.70
Prenatal nicotine exposure b	1.52*	1.06–2.17	1.67**	1.14–2.46
Mother’s age at birth	0.89**	0.82–0.96	0.89**	0.82–0.97
Marital status	4.46**	1.64–12.10	3.24*	1.14–9.24
Maternal BSI GSI at birth	1.35	0.46–3.93	0.68	0.21–2.23
HOME environmentc	1.00	0.94–1.05	1.02	0.96–1.08
Violence exposured	1.66**	1.18–2.33	1.49*	1.04–2.13
Externalizing behaviord			1.10***	1.05–1.16

BSI = Brief Symptom Inventory; GSI = Global Severity Index; NCE = non cocaine exposed; PCE = prenatal cocaine exposure; CI = confidence interval; OR = odds ratio.

Model 1 = base model without assessing mediating effects of 12 year externalizing behavior.

Model 2 = evaluates 12 year externalizing behavior as a mediator of PCE.

^aMeasured via self-report CDISC. Any substance includes alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, or any other illicit drug.

^bAverage number of cigarettes smoked per day.

^cAssessed at 15 years.

^dAssessed at 12 years.

^*p ≤ .05.

^**p ≤ .01.

^***p ≤ .001.