Table 1.

Signs and symptoms leading to suspicion of acute kidney injury in low- to middle-income countries

In the community setting

History of kidney disease

Oliguria

Total body swelling

Hypotension

Dehydration

GI loss of volume and electrolytes

Dark, concentrated urine

Sepsis syndrome

Fever in the context of prevalent endemic disease

Exposure to potential nephrotoxins

Pregnancy-related complications

Plus, in the hospital setting,

Multiple organ failure

Nephrotoxic medication exposure

GI, gastrointestinal.