Table 6.

Features that indicate the presence of preexisting kidney disease in a patient presenting with kidney injury

History of long-standing nocturia

History of edema, hematuria or renal stones

History of long-term intake of painkillers, herbal medicines, over-the-counter drugs

History of recurrent dehydration

Family history of kidney disease

Urinalysis showing broad casts

Musculoskeletal manifestations: growth retardation, rickets, or proximal myopathy

Anemia out of proportion to the duration of symptoms in the absence of another cause

Elevated phosphate and/or PTH levels

Characteristic imaging abnormalities (e.g., renal cysts or obstruction)

Small and/or highly echogenic kidneys on ultrasound

PTH, parathyroid hormone.