Table 1.

List of the reviewed studies

Article	Sample						Tasks			Group
	Number	Health condition	Age	Gender	Stature	Body mass	Direction	Range of motion	Pace of motion
Paquet et al.20	10	Low back pain	41				FB-BR	As far as possible	Slower than self-selected for normal and self-selected for patients	1, 2
	9	Healthy	41
Gracovetsky et al.29	5	Healthy	24	Male			BR	Up to fully bent posture	Self-selected	4, 5
	5	Healthy	24	Female
	5	Healthy	35	Male
	5	Healthy	35	Female
	5	Healthy	45	Male
	5	Healthy	45	Female
	5	Healthy	55	Male
	5	Healthy	55	Female
Nelson et al.30	30	Healthy	26	Female			FB-BR	90% of maximal FB	Self-selected	5
Esola et al.7	14	Asymptomatic with a history of low back pain	32	Male	182 cm	83 kg	FB	As far as possible	Self-selected	3
	6	Asymptomatic with a history of low back pain	24	Female	163 cm	56 kg
	13	Healthy	27	Male	177 cm	78 kg
	8	Healthy	29	Female	166 cm	63 kg
McClure et al.21	12	Asymptomatic with a history of low back pain	34		180 cm	79 kg	BR	Not instructed	Self-selected	1, 3
	12	Healthy	29		172 cm	69 kg
Porter and Wilkinson26	15	Patient	27	Male			FB- BR	As far as comfortably possible	Self-selected	2
	17	Healthy	27	Male
Tully et al.35	13	Healthy	26	Male	170 cm		FB	Up to touch the floor	Self-selected	1
	9	Healthy	26	Female	170 cm
Granata and Sanford12	13	Healthy	24	Male	171 cm	77 kg	BR	From 90° to upright	15, 30 and 60°/second	1, 5, 6
	5	Healthy	24	Female	171 cm	77 kg
Lariviere et al.23	18	Healthy	40	Male	175 cm	74 kg	FB-BR	Fully bent posture	One movement cycle lasted 5.45 seconds	2
	15	Healthy	40	Female	172 cm	62 kg
Lee and Wong13	20	Healthy	20	Male	171 cm	62 kg	FB-BR	As far as possible	Self-selected	1
Wong and Lee14	20	Healthy	42		170 cm	71 kg	FB-BR	As far as possible	Self-selected	1, 2
	24	Low back pain	41	Male	172 cm	69 kg
	17	Low back pain with restricted leg raise	34	Male	174 cm	71 kg
Pal et al.16	20	Healthy	21	Male	180 cm	77 kg	FB-BR	As far as possible	Self-selected	1
Thomas and Gibson15	8	Healthy	27	Male			FB-BR	With knee flexion, to high, middle and low targets, and with knees extended, to a low target, and as far as possible	With knee flexion, self-selected, and with knees extended, twice the comfortable pace	1, 4, 6
	8	Healthy	26	Female
van Wingerden et al.24	29	Low back pain with pelvic girdle pain	33	Female			FB-BR	As far as possible	Moderate pace	2
	22	Low back pain	36	Female
	53	Healthy	25	Female
Silfies et al.22	23	Healthy	39	Male	170 cm	73 kg	FB-BR	To reach a target in front of the participant’s trunk	3 seconds reaching and 3 seconds returning	2
	12	Healthy	39	Female	170 cm	73 kg
	11	Low back pain	41	Male	180 cm	85 kg
	19	Low back pain	41	Female	180 cm	85 kg
Kim et al.25	16	Healthy	24		169 cm	61 kg	FB-BR	Fully flexed position, then to the initial position	3 seconds bending, 3 seconds returning	2
	17	Low back pain (lumbar flexion with rotation syndrome)	23		173 cm	67 kg
	14	Low back pain (lumbar extension with rotation syndrome)	24		169 cm	65 kg
Hasebe et al.19	18	Healthy	36	Male	171 cm	67 kg	FB	To touch toes	Self-selected	1
Hu et al.32	12	Healthy	26	Male	172 cm	77 kg	BR	Full flexion to upright	Self-selected	5
Iwasaki et al.31	16	Healthy	22	Male			BR	Not instructed	Self-selected	5
	10	Healthy	22	Female
Lariviere et al.23	10	Healthy	26	Male	180 cm	80 kg	FB-BR	As far as possible	4 seconds bending and 4 seconds returning	2
	10	Healthy	27	Female	168 cm	65 kg
Phillips et al.33	6	Healthy	27	Male	179 cm	79 kg	FB	To touch toes	As fast as possible, and Metronome 60 beats/minute	5, 7
	6	Healthy	27	Female	166 cm	62 kg
Tafazzol et al.9	8	Healthy	25	Male	181 cm	80 kg	FB-BR	To their maximum voluntary bending	Self-selected	1
Hu and Ning8	13	Healthy	27	Male	175 cm	69 kg	FB-BR	To 40 cm from the center of ankles	Self-selected	5, 7
Hu and Ning34	15	Healthy	26	Male	173 cm	77 kg	FB-BR	To 40 cm from the center of ankles	Self-selected	7
Pries et al.27	134	Healthy	38	Male	180 cm	75 kg	FB	As far as possible	Self-selected	4
	175	Healthy	38	Female	167 cm	61 kg
Vazirian et al.11	6	Healthy	25	Male	178 cm	79 kg	FB-BR	As far as possible	Self-selected, and as fast as possible	4, 6
	6	Healthy	25	Female	165 cm	61 kg
	6	Healthy	35	Male	173 cm	81 kg
	6	Healthy	35	Female	167 cm	65 kg
	6	Healthy	45	Male	180 cm	88 kg
	6	Healthy	45	Female	166 cm	71 kg
	6	Healthy	55	Male	181 cm	85 kg
	6	Healthy	55	Female	164 cm	71 kg
	6	Healthy	65	Male	178 cm	84 kg
	6	Healthy	65	Female	165 cm	65 kg

Letter codes under Tasks column denote: FB: forward bending, BR: backward return.

Number codes under Group column denote study of LPR are related to (1) healthy control population,( 2) current LBP, (3) history of LBP, (4) age/gender, (5) handling of external load, (6) motion pace and (7) muscle fatigue. See summary of results for details.