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. 2017 Jul 10;97(4):1218–1225. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0146

Table 3.

Risk factors for hospitalization in patients with babesiosis

(N = 128) Hospitalization
Univariate analyses
Yes (81) No (47) RR (95% CI) P value
Age > 75 years 25 5 1.44 (1.141.82) 0.01
Male 54 31 0.99 (0.75–1.31) 0.93
Comorbidities 70 29 0.54 (0.33–0.87) < 0.01
 Cardiac 39 12 1.40 (1.09–1.81) 0.01
 Asplenia 14 0 1.70 (1.46–1.98) < 0.01
 Autoimmune 10 1 1.50 (1.18–1.90) 0.05
Any Coinfection 24 23 0.73 (0.53–0.99) 0.03
Signs and symptoms
 Fever 73 32 0.50 (0.28–0.89) < 0.01
 Fatigue 74 35 1.84 (1.01–3.37) 0.01
 Chills 56 24 1.34 (0.99–1.83) 0.04
 Myalgia or arthralgia 46 39 0.66 (0.52–0.85) < 0.01
 Nausea or vomiting 35 8 1.50 (1.18–1.92) < 0.01
 Lightheaded or dizzy 33 5 1.63 (1.29–2.05) < 0.01
 Diarrhea 19 1 1.65 (1.38–2.00) < 0.01
 Rash 11 15 0.62 (0.39–0.98) 0.01
History of tick bite 25 28 0.63 (0.46–0.86) < 0.01
Parasitemia > 10% (n) 8 (28) 0 (2) 1.10 (0.96–1.26) 1.0
WBC × 103/μL (n) (75) (38)
 < 5.0 32 15 1.04 (0.80–1.36) 0.74
 > 10.0 7 1 1.35 (1.00–1.82) 0.19
Hb < 12.0 g/dL (n) 45 (76) 9 (37) 1.59 (1.21–2.08) < 0.01
Platelets < 150 × 103/μL (n) 66 (74) 25 (39) 1.99 (1.13–3.52) < 0.01
Na < 135 mmol/L (n) 50 (73) 11(32) 1.57 (1.15–2.13) < 0.01
Creatinine > 1.2 mg/dL (n) 23 (72) 4 (32) 1.34 (1.06–1.69) 0.04
ALT > 54 U/L (n) 2 (69) 5 (29) 0.39 (0.12–1.26) 0.01
AST > 40 U/L (n) 52 (69) 19 (32) 1.29 (0.92–1.82) 0.10
ALP > 147 units/L (n) 11 (65) 7 (30) 0.87 (0.59–1.29) 0.57
Total bilirubin > 1.9 mg/dL (n) 21 (65) 2 (30) 1.49 (1.19–1.87) 0.01
Albumin < 3.4 g/dL (n) 51 (66) 11 (30) 1.86 (1.26–2.77) < 0.01
CRP > 3.0 mg/dL (n) 30 (32) 5 (8) 2.14 (0.73–6.32) 0.05
Multivariate analyses
OR (95% CI) P value
Coinfection 0.22 (0.06–0.81) 0.03
Diarrhea 34.42 (1.30–912.52) 0.03
Myalgia or arthralgia 0.19 (0.04–0.88) 0.03
Lightheaded or dizzy 8.08 (1.67–39.28) < 0.01
Albumin < 3.4 g/dL 5.60 (1.54–20.34) < 0.01

ALP = alkaline phosphatase; ALT = alanine aminotransferase; AST = aspartate aminotransferase; CRP = C-reactive protein; CI = confidence interval; Hb = hemoglobin; OR = odds ratio; RR = relative risk; WBC = white blood cell.

Bold values indicate significance.