Table 3.
Risk factors for hospitalization in patients with babesiosis
| (N = 128) | Hospitalization | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Univariate analyses | ||||
| Yes (81) | No (47) | RR (95% CI) | P value | |
| Age > 75 years | 25 | 5 | 1.44 (1.141.82) | 0.01 |
| Male | 54 | 31 | 0.99 (0.75–1.31) | 0.93 |
| Comorbidities | 70 | 29 | 0.54 (0.33–0.87) | < 0.01 |
| Cardiac | 39 | 12 | 1.40 (1.09–1.81) | 0.01 |
| Asplenia | 14 | 0 | 1.70 (1.46–1.98) | < 0.01 |
| Autoimmune | 10 | 1 | 1.50 (1.18–1.90) | 0.05 |
| Any Coinfection | 24 | 23 | 0.73 (0.53–0.99) | 0.03 |
| Signs and symptoms | ||||
| Fever | 73 | 32 | 0.50 (0.28–0.89) | < 0.01 |
| Fatigue | 74 | 35 | 1.84 (1.01–3.37) | 0.01 |
| Chills | 56 | 24 | 1.34 (0.99–1.83) | 0.04 |
| Myalgia or arthralgia | 46 | 39 | 0.66 (0.52–0.85) | < 0.01 |
| Nausea or vomiting | 35 | 8 | 1.50 (1.18–1.92) | < 0.01 |
| Lightheaded or dizzy | 33 | 5 | 1.63 (1.29–2.05) | < 0.01 |
| Diarrhea | 19 | 1 | 1.65 (1.38–2.00) | < 0.01 |
| Rash | 11 | 15 | 0.62 (0.39–0.98) | 0.01 |
| History of tick bite | 25 | 28 | 0.63 (0.46–0.86) | < 0.01 |
| Parasitemia > 10% (n) | 8 (28) | 0 (2) | 1.10 (0.96–1.26) | 1.0 |
| WBC × 103/μL (n) | (75) | (38) | ||
| < 5.0 | 32 | 15 | 1.04 (0.80–1.36) | 0.74 |
| > 10.0 | 7 | 1 | 1.35 (1.00–1.82) | 0.19 |
| Hb < 12.0 g/dL (n) | 45 (76) | 9 (37) | 1.59 (1.21–2.08) | < 0.01 |
| Platelets < 150 × 103/μL (n) | 66 (74) | 25 (39) | 1.99 (1.13–3.52) | < 0.01 |
| Na < 135 mmol/L (n) | 50 (73) | 11(32) | 1.57 (1.15–2.13) | < 0.01 |
| Creatinine > 1.2 mg/dL (n) | 23 (72) | 4 (32) | 1.34 (1.06–1.69) | 0.04 |
| ALT > 54 U/L (n) | 2 (69) | 5 (29) | 0.39 (0.12–1.26) | 0.01 |
| AST > 40 U/L (n) | 52 (69) | 19 (32) | 1.29 (0.92–1.82) | 0.10 |
| ALP > 147 units/L (n) | 11 (65) | 7 (30) | 0.87 (0.59–1.29) | 0.57 |
| Total bilirubin > 1.9 mg/dL (n) | 21 (65) | 2 (30) | 1.49 (1.19–1.87) | 0.01 |
| Albumin < 3.4 g/dL (n) | 51 (66) | 11 (30) | 1.86 (1.26–2.77) | < 0.01 |
| CRP > 3.0 mg/dL (n) | 30 (32) | 5 (8) | 2.14 (0.73–6.32) | 0.05 |
| Multivariate analyses | ||||
| OR (95% CI) | P value | |||
| Coinfection | 0.22 (0.06–0.81) | 0.03 | ||
| Diarrhea | 34.42 (1.30–912.52) | 0.03 | ||
| Myalgia or arthralgia | 0.19 (0.04–0.88) | 0.03 | ||
| Lightheaded or dizzy | 8.08 (1.67–39.28) | < 0.01 | ||
| Albumin < 3.4 g/dL | 5.60 (1.54–20.34) | < 0.01 | ||
ALP = alkaline phosphatase; ALT = alanine aminotransferase; AST = aspartate aminotransferase; CRP = C-reactive protein; CI = confidence interval; Hb = hemoglobin; OR = odds ratio; RR = relative risk; WBC = white blood cell.
Bold values indicate significance.