Table 2.
Summary of reported miRNAs and their targets in cardiac fibrosis.
| miRNAs | Targets | Effector cells | Signal pathways | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antifibrosis | ||||
| miR-101a | TGF-βR1, | NRCFs and MI rat | TGFβ signaling | [47, 48] |
| c-Fos | NRCFs and MI rat | MAPK | ||
|
| ||||
| miR-133/30 | CTGF | RCMs, RCFs and Ren2 rat | TGFβ signaling | [59] |
|
| ||||
| miR-24 | Furin | MCFs and MI mouse | TGFβ signaling | [50] |
|
| ||||
| miR-29 | Elastin | RCFs and MI mouse | Protein digestion/absorption | [61–63] |
| Fbn1 | RCFs and MI mouse | ERK | ||
| Col1α1 | RCFs and MI mouse | ERK | ||
| Col1α2 | RCFs and MI mouse | ERK | ||
| Col3α1, | RCFs and MI mouse | ERK | ||
| FBN, | RCFs and MI mouse | ERK | ||
|
| ||||
| miR-146a | VEGF | hMSCs | VEGF | [65] |
|
| ||||
| miR-98 | TGFβR1 | HCFs | TGFβ | [51] |
|
| ||||
| miR-433 | AZIN1 | TGFβ | [67] | |
| JNK1 | TGFβ | |||
|
| ||||
| miR-142-3p | HMGB1 | M6200 cells | TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling pathway | [66] |
|
| ||||
| miR-29b | Tgfβ1, | MCFs | TGFβ | [64] |
|
| ||||
| miR-19a-3p/19b-3p | TGFβ RII | HCFs | TGFβ signaling | [52] |
|
| ||||
| miR-22 | Smad4 | MCFs | TGF-β-pathway | [58] |
|
| ||||
| miR-378 | TGF-β1 | TAC mouse NMCMs and NRCFs | TGF/Smad signaling | [55] |
|
| ||||
| miR-26a | COL1, | NRCFs, TAC and miR-26a TG mouse | PI3K-AKT | [60] |
| CTGF | NRCFs, TAC and miR-26a TG mouse | ECM | ||
|
| ||||
| miR-15 family | TGF-βR1 | MI mouse and NMCMs | TGF-β-pathway | |
| p38 | MI mouse and NMCMs | TGF-β-pathway | ||
| SMAD3 | MI mouse and NMCMs | TGF-β-pathway | [53, 54] | |
| SMAD7 | MI mouse and NMCMs | TGF-β-pathway | ||
| Endoglin | MI mouse and NMCMs | TGF-β-pathway | ||
|
| ||||
| Profibrosis | ||||
| miR-21 | Spry1 | NRCFs, NRCMs, TAC and TG mous | ERK-MAPK | [56, 57] |
| TGFβRIII | MI mouse and NRCFs | TGFβ1-Smad3 signaling | ||
|
| ||||
| miR-208a | Endoglin | TAC mouse and RCFs | TGF-β-pathway | [28, 68, 69] |
| b-MHC | TAC mouse and RCFs | TGF-β-pathway | ||
| THRAP1 | TG mouse | Thyroid hormone | ||
|
| ||||
| miR-499 | Akt | NRCFs | Akt | [68] |
| MAPKs | NRCFs | MAPK | ||
| Egr1 | NRCFs | ERK | ||
| Egr2 | NRCFs | ERK | ||
| Fos | NRCFs | MAPK | ||
| Myh7 | NRCFs | ERK | ||
| Acta1 | NRCFs | Smads | ||
|
| ||||
| miR-122 | TGF-β1 | HCFs | TGFβ | [49] |
|
| ||||
| miR-125b | Apelin | HCFs, TAC and Ang II induced mouse | TGFβ | [70, 71] |
Akt: protein kinase B; β-MHC: beta myosin heavy chain; c-Fos: proto-oncogene protein; COL1: collagen, type 1; Col1α2: collagen, type 1 α 2; Col3α1: collagen, type 3 α 1; CTGF: connective tissue growth factor; Egr1: early growth response protein 1; Egr2: early growth response protein 2; FBN: fibrillin; Fbn1: fibrillin 1; MAPKs: mitogen-activated protein kinases; p38: tumor protein p38; SMAD3: SMAD family member 3; SMAD2: SMAD family member 2; SMAD7: SMAD family member 7; Spry1: sprouty homolog 1; TGFβ: transforming growth factor β; TGF-β1: transforming growth factor β 1; TGF-βR1: transforming growth factor β receptor 1; TGFβRIII: transforming growth factor β receptor III; THRAP1: mediator complex subunit 13; RCFs: rat cardiac fibroblasts; MCFs: mouse cardiac fibroblasts; HCF: human cardiac fibroblasts; hMSCs: human mesenchymal stem cells; HBMVECs: human brain microvascular endothelial cells.