Table 1.

Davidson Trauma Scale (DTS) items and proposed factor models

		Models
Scale Item	Question	DSM‐IV Symptoms	Simms et al. (2002)	King DW et al. (1998)
1	Have you had painful images, memories or thoughts of the event?	B	I	R
2	Have you had distressing dreams of the event?	B	I	R
3	Have you felt as though the event was re‐occurring?	B	I	R
4	Have you been upset by something which reminded you of the event?	B	I	R
5	Have you been avoiding any thoughts or feelings about the event?	C	I	A
6	Have you been avoiding doing things or going into situations which remind you about the event?	C	A	A
7	Have you found yourself unable to recall important parts of the event?	C	A	N
8	Have you had difficulty enjoying things?	C	D	N
9	Have you felt distant or cut off from other people?	C	D	N
10	Have you been unable to have sad or loving feelings?	C	D	N
11	Have you found it hard to imagine having a long life span fulfilling your goals?	C	D	N
12	Have you had trouble falling asleep or staying asleep?	D	D	H
13	Have you been irritable or had outbursts of anger?	D	D	H
14	Have you had difficulty concentrating?	D	D	H
15	Have you felt on edge, been easily distracted, or had to stay 'on guard'?	D	D	H
16	Have you been jumpy or easily startled?	D	H	H
17	Have you been physically upset by reminders of the event?	C	H	R

Note: In DSM‐IV, letters signify symptom categories. In Simms et al. (2002) I = Intrusive, A = Avoidance, D = Dysphoria, and H = Hyperarousal. In King et al. (1998) R = Re‐experiencing, A = Avoidance, N = Numbing, H = Hyperactivity