Table 1.
Descriptive Statistics of All Indices Related to Stigma Resistance, Self-Stigma, Self-Reflectiveness, Self-Esteem, Coping Styles, and Psychotic Symptoms (n = 170).
| Total | Male | Female | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Mean (SD) | Range | Skew | Kurtosis | Mean (SD) | t | |
| ISMI stigma resistance | 2.78 (0.50) | 1.0-4.0 | –0.38 | 1.16 | 2.81 (0.45) | 2.74 (0.56) | 0.89 |
| ISMI stereotype endorsement | 2.26 (0.52) | 1.0-4.0 | –0.09 | 0.48 | 3.24 (0.76) | 3.06 (0.68) | 1.62 |
| ISMI alienation | 2.47 (0.60) | 1.0-3.4 | –0.34 | 0.09 | 2.14 (0.52) | 2.10 (0.51) | 0.42 |
| ISMI social withdrawal | 2.39 (0.61) | 1.0-3.4 | 0.16 | 0.33 | 2.06 (0.54) | 2.04 (0.51) | 0.22 |
| ISMI discrimination experience | 2.33 (0.61) | 1.0-3.8 | –0.05 | –0.15 | 2.33 (0.61) | 2.32 (0.61) | 0.15 |
| BCIS self-reflectiveness | 23.9 (4.87) | 9-36 | –0.10 | –0.03 | 23.4 (4.70) | 24.5 (5.03) | –1.50 |
| RSES self-esteem | 27.0 (5.47) | 12-40 | 0.16 | 0.11 | 27.2 (5.35) | 26.6 (5.63) | 0.72 |
| COPE adaptive strategies | |||||||
| Positive reinterpretation | 12.0 (2.97) | 4-16 | –0.38 | –0.55 | 11.8 (2.78) | 12.3 (3.16) | –1.28 |
| Venting of emotion | 10.2 (2.71) | 4-16 | 0.30 | –0.29 | 9.61 (2.27) | 10.8 (3.00) | –3.34a |
| Use of instrumental social support | 11.1 (2.95) | 4-16 | –0.06 | –0.88 | 10.7 (2.87) | 11.5 (3.00) | –1.71 |
| Active coping | 12.1 (2.95) | 4-16 | –0.37 | –0.55 | 12.2 (2.76) | 12.1 (3.19) | 0.19 |
| Religious coping | 10.6 (4.00) | 4-16 | –0.16 | –1.16 | 10.1 (3.72) | 11.1 (4.27) | –1.63 |
| Restraint | 12.0 (2.86) | 4-16 | –0.44 | –0.40 | 12.1 (2.59) | 11.9 (3.17) | 0.29 |
| Use of emotional social support | 10.9 (2.88) | 4-16 | –0.04 | –0.59 | 11.6 (2.62) | 11.4 (3.12) | –1.86 |
| Acceptance | 12.1 (2.70) | 4-16 | –0.32 | –0.55 | 11.6 (2.62) | 12.7 (2.68) | –2.68a |
| Suppression of competing activities | 12.1 (2.61) | 4-16 | –0.25 | –0.55 | 11.9 (2.49) | 12.4 (2.74) | –1.06 |
| Planning | 11.7 (2.89) | 4-16 | –0.21 | –0.83 | 11.8 (2.65) | 11.7 (3.17) | 0.19 |
| COPE maladaptive strategies | |||||||
| Mental disengagement | 10.2 (2.71) | 4-16 | 0.06 | –0.34 | 10.0 (2.45) | 11.4 (2.98) | –0.94 |
| Denial | 9.48 (3.13) | 4-16 | 0.33 | –0.44 | 9.13 (2.91) | 9.90 (3.35) | –1.58 |
| Behavioural disengagement | 9.66 (2.96) | 4-16 | 0.16 | –0.55 | 9.26 (2.81) | 11.1 (3.08) | –1.91 |
| Substance abuse | 1.72 (0.99) | 1-4 | 1.09 | –0.14 | 1.73 (0.96) | 1.71 (1.05) | 0.11 |
| PANSS positive symptoms | 18.3 (7.15) | 7-38 | 0.40 | –0.79 | 19.1 (7.53) | 17.2 (6.56) | 1.71 |
| PANSS negative symptoms | 19.5 (8.17) | 7-38 | 0.24 | –1.27 | 20.4 (8.27) | 18.4 (7.96) | 1.61 |
BCIS, Beck Cognitive Insight Scale; ISMI, Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness; PANSS, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; RSES, Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness.
a P < 0.01.