Table 4. Cognitive performance for different trials (CEPS, CES, and PLA) before and after exercise.

		Main effects of treatments	Pre-exercise	Post-exercise
Verbal memory	CEPS		89.00 ± 14.83	95.64 ± 4.13
	CES		90.18± 12.42	91.09 ± 11.71
	PLA		90.18 ± 8.59	86.46 ± 14.81
Visual memory	CEPS		78.46 ± 12.82	73.55 ± 16.98
	CES		72.00 ± 14.52	78.55 ± 15.53
	PLA		69.36±16.85	72.46 ± 17.02
Visual motor speed	CEPS	CEPS vs. PLA (P<0.05)	40.44 ± 4.81	40.18 ± 4.37
	CES		40.71 ± 4.83	39.70 ± 4.43
	PLA		36.90 ± 3.89	37.63 ± 3.76
Reaction time	CEPS		0.68 ± 0.08	0.65 ± 0.08
	CES		0.67 ± 0.11	0.64 ± 0.14
	PLA		0.71 ± 0.12	0.71 ± 0.13
Impulse control	CEPS		3.09 ± 2.30	3.27 ± 2.20
	CES		4.27 ± 4.80	4.27 ± 4.56
	PLA		4.72 ± 4.10	4.18 ± 3.14
Total symptom score	CEPS		2.46 ± 3.72	1.82 ± 2.71
	CES		2.09 ± 2.77	3.36 ± 2.91
	PLA		3.09 ± 4.23	2.82 ± 3.43
Cognitive efficiency index	CEPS		0.32 ± 0.14	0.39 ± 0.18
	CES		0.31 ± 0.14	0.31 ± 0.17
	PLA		0.29 ± 0.13	0.22 ± 0.18

CEPS: Carbohydrate-electrolyte-protein solution; CES: Carbohydrate-electrolyte solution; PLA: Placebo.