Table 1.

List of KB220Z Ingredients with targets and mechanism of action.

Ingredient	Therapeutic Target	Mechanism
L-Phenylalanine	Dopamine Synthesis	20% of this precursor amino-acid is converted to dopamine
D-Phenylalanine	Enkephalin/Endorphin Catabolism	Inhibition of the carboxypeptidase (enkephalinase); thereby, increasing opioid peptide levels in brain
L-Tyrosine	Dopamine Synthesis	Rate-limiting step in the synthesis of dopamine
L-Glutamate	GABA Synthesis	Supplied in small amount to assist in balance of over-inhibiting GABA by natural opioid peptides
Chromium Salts	Serotonin Synthesis	Chromium is known to increase the sensitivity of the insulin receptor thereby, reducing the carbohydrate ratio by one-third in the blood; This effect causes gut tryptophan to increase in the brain with a concomitant increase in serotonin synthesis
5-Hydroxytryptophane	Serotonin Synthesis	Involved in the synthetic pathway to produce serotonin
Rhodiola rosea	Enzyme Inhibitor Increasing Catecholamines	Rhodiola rosea has been shown to inhibit COMT activity thereby, increasing DA in the synapse as well as inhibiting MAO-A in the mitochondria, which increases vesicular DA in pre-synaptic neuron
Pyridoxine Phosphate	Enzyme Catalyst	Assists in the synthesis of dopamine
Passion Flower	Benzodiazepine Receptor Stimulant	By stimulating the benzodiazepine receptor, there is a reduction in anxiety due to stress from detoxification

Abbreviations: VTA: Ventral Tegmental Area; NMDA: N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; NAC: Nucleus Accumbens; DA: Dopamine; COMT: Catecholamine-Methyl-Transferase; MAO-A: Monoamine-Oxidase A