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. 2017 Oct 6;10:419–434. doi: 10.2147/DMSO.S129797

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© 2017 Fisher and Tahrani. This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited

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Stages of CAN.

Notes: CAN symptoms can include reduced exercise tolerance, silent ischemia, interoperative complications, and lower-limb complications. Adapted from Vinik AI, Erbas T, Casellini CM. Diabetic cardiac autonomic neuropathy, inflammation and cardiovascular disease. J Diabetes Investig. 2013;4(1):4–18. © 2013 Asian Association for the Study of Diabetes and Wiley Publishing Asia Pty Ltd.⁴⁷

Abbreviations: CAN, cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy; HR, heart rate.