Table 1. Characteristics of children with and without multi-drug non-susceptible enteric infections.
| Children with multi-drug susceptible enteric infections | Children with multi-drug susceptible enteric infections | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 177 (60.6%) | N = 115 (39.1%) | ||||
| Sociodemographic Characteristics | |||||
| Age, months (median [IQR]) | 16 | (10.0–33.0) | 29 | (12.0–49.0) | |
| Age category | |||||
| • 6–12 mo | 68 | (38.4%) | 30 | (26.1%) | |
| • >12–24 mo | 44 | (24.9%) | 18 | (15.7%) | |
| • >24–59 mo | 47 | (26.6%) | 55 | (47.8%) | |
| • 59 mo– 15 yr | 18 | (10.2%) | 12 | (10.4%) | |
| Male (n [%]) | 99 | (55.4%) | 67 | (58.3%) | |
| Monthly income <5000 KSH | 60 | (33.9%) | 33 | (28.7%) | |
| Site | |||||
| • Kisii | 90 | (50.8%) | 73 | (63.5%) | |
| • Homa Bay | 84 | (47.5%) | 39 | (33.9%) | |
| • Migori | 3 | (1.7%) | 3 | (2.6%) | |
| Travel time to clinic greater than 1 hour | 24 | (13.6%) | 22 | (19.1%) | |
| Crowding (≥3 persons per room in home) | 61 | (34.5%) | 22 | (19.1%) | |
| Own land | 124 | (70.1%) | 82 | (71.3%) | |
| Caregiver education | |||||
| • Primary school or less | 88 | (49.7%) | 60 | (52.2%) | |
| • Secondary school | 50 | (28.3%) | 34 | (29.6%) | |
| • Vocational school | 32 | (18.1%) | 16 | (13.9%) | |
| • University or above | 7 | (3.9%) | 5 | (4.3%) | |
| Clinical Characteristics | |||||
| Months exclusive breastfeeding (median [IQR]) | 6.0 | (4.0–6.0) | 6.0 | (4.0–6.0) | |
| Any reported antibiotic use in the last 7 daysi | 18 | (10.2%) | 15 | (13.0%) | |
| Prescribed antibiotic in hospital | 96 | (53.6%) | 58 | (50.4%) | |
| Hospitalized in the last year | 14 | (7.9%) | 8 | (7.0%) | |
| HIV exposedii | 17 | (9.6%) | 5 | (4.3%) | |
| Stuntingiii | 28 | (15.8%) | 15 | (13.0%) | |
| Wastingiv | 35 | (19.8%) | 9 | (7.8%) | |
| Dysentery | 15 | (8.5%) | 20 | (17.4%) | |
| Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Characteristics | |||||
| Any use of untreated or unprotected waterv | 70 | (39.6%) | 41 | (35.7%) | |
| Sanitation facility | |||||
| • Flushing toilet | 8 | (4.5%) | 13 | (11.3%) | |
| • Pit latrine | 159 | (89.8%) | 99 | (86.1%) | |
| • Open defecation | 6 | (3.4%) | 2 | (1.7%) | |
| “Sometimes or never” wash hands before eating | 5 | (2.8%) | 1 | (0.9%) | |
| “Sometimes or never” wash hands after defecating | 9 | (5.1%) | 1 | (0.9%) | |
| Enteric Bacteria Identified | |||||
| Shigella spp | 30 | (17.0%) | 45 | (39.1%) | |
| Salmonella sp | 8 | (4.5%) | 12 | (10.4%) | |
| EAEC | 25 | (21.7%) | 90 | (50.3%) | |
| EIEC | 8 | (7.0%) | 21 | (11.9%) | |
| EPEC | 11 | (9.6%) | 31 | (17.5%) | |
| ETEC | 19 | (16.5%) | 18 | (10.2%) | |
iReported antibiotic use includes cotrimoxazole prophylaxis use
ii HIV exposed is defined as HIV-uninfected children accompanied by an HIV-infected biological mother
iii Stunting is defined as < -2 height for age Z-score (HAZ) using 2006 and 2007 WHO reference populations.
iv Wasting is defined as < -2 weight for height Z-score (WHZ) using 2006 and 2007 WHO reference populations.
v Any untreated water defined as “usually or sometimes” using a water filter, adding bleach or chlorine, or boiling water in the household on water from any source. Any water from an unimproved source defined as use of an unprotected well, spring, or surface water source, and no treatment method or treatment method is removal of particulate matter (letting water settle or straining through a cloth) of any frequency.
Abbreviations: MDNS = Multi-drug non-susceptibility (non-susceptibility to 3 or more antibiotics from different classes); EPEC = enteropathogenic E. coli; ETEC = enterotoxigenic E. coli; EAEC = enteraggregative E. coli; EIEC = enteroinvasive E. coli.
Enteric bacteria notes: Categories are not mutually exclusive, as 318 isolates were identified among the 292 study subjects. Shigella species are as follows: S. flexneri (n = 27); S. sonnei (n = 31); S. dysenteriae type 1 (n = 2); S. boydii (n = 2); not determined (n = 16). Salmonella species are as follows: S. typhi (n = 3); other(n = 13); not determined (n = 4)