Table 4. Correlates of multi-drug non-susceptibility (MDNS) in enteropathogens in Kenyan children 6 mos–15 yrs with acute diarrhea.
| Crude estimates | Adjusted estimates | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PR (95%CI) | p-value | aPR (95% CI) | p-value | |
| Host Characteristics | ||||
| Age | ||||
| • 6–24 mos | 1.52 (1.20, 1.92) | p < 0.0001 | 1.51 (1.19, 1.91) | p = 0.001 |
| • >24–59 mos | Referent | Referent | ||
| • >59 mos– 15 yrs | 1.30 (0.91, 1.87) | p = 0.151 | 1.31 (0.92, 1.89) | p = 0.135 |
| HIV exposure | ||||
| • HIV unexposed | Referent | Referent | ||
| • HIV exposed, uninfected | 1.26 (1.01, 1.62) | p = 0.044 | 1.29 (1.01, 1.66)* | p = 0.045 |
| Malnutritioni | ||||
| • MUAC ≥ 12.5 cm | Referent | Referent | ||
| • MUAC < 12.5 cm | 1.26 (0.98, 1.62) | p = 0.069 | 1.19 (0.85, 1.67) | p = 0.304 |
| • HAZ ≥ -2 | Referent | Referent | ||
| • HAZ < -2 | 1.09 (0.85, 1.39) | p = 0.482 | 1.05 (0.83, 1.32) | p = 0.665 |
| • WHZ ≥ -2 | Referent | Referent | ||
| • WHZ < -2 | 1.40 (1.15, 1.69) | p = 0.001 | 1.28 (1.06, 1.55) | p = 0.011 |
| Duration of exclusive breastfeeding | ||||
| • 6 mos or more | Referent | Referent | ||
| • < 6 mos | 0.81 (0.54, 1.22) | p = 0.311 | 0.87 (0.64, 1.20)* | p = 0.404* |
| Caregiver reported antibiotic use in last 7 daysii | ||||
| • No antibiotics taken | Referent | -- | Referent | |
| • Any antibiotic taken | 0.88 (0.64, 1.23) | p = 0.478 | 0.86 (0.62, 1.19) | p = 0.359 |
| Caregiver reported hospitalization in last year | ||||
| • No hospitalization | Referent | Referent | ||
| • Any hospitalization | 1.05 (0.76, 1.47) | p = 0.755 | 0.99 (0.72, 1.36) | p = 0.956 |
| Exposure to Environmental Contamination | ||||
| Sanitation facility | ||||
| • Flush toilet | Referent | Referent | ||
| • Pit latrine | 1.62 (0.93, 2.82) | p = 0.080 | 1.76 (1.01, 3.10)* | p = 0.048 |
| • Open defecation | 1.97 (1.00, 3.87) | p = 0.050 | 2.25 (1.13, 4.50)* | p = 0.022 |
| Water source | ||||
| • Use of treated or protected wateriii | Referent | Referent | ||
| • Any use of untreated or unprotected water | 1.07 (0.88, 1.29) | p = 0.499 | 1.07 (0.89, 1.29)* | p = 0.484 |
| Household crowding | ||||
| • <3 persons per room | Referent | Referent | ||
| • 3 or more persons per room | 1.32 (1.11, 1.58) | p = 0.002 | 1.29 (1.08, 1.53) | p = 0.004 |
| Caregiver-reported hand-washing before eating | ||||
| • Always or usually | Referent | Referent | ||
| • Sometimes or never | 1.39 (0.96, 2.01) | p = 0.085 | 1.53 (1.09, 2.14)* | p = 0.013 |
| Caregiver-reported and-washing after using the toilet | ||||
| • Always or usually | Referent | Referent | ||
| • Sometimes or never | 1.51 (1.20, 1.89) | p < 0.0001 | 1.50 (1.15, 1.95) | p = 0.003 |
iAnalyses of malnutrition factors are restricted to children aged between 6 months and 5 years.
iiCaregiver reported antibiotic use does not include antibiotics prescribed in hospital.
iiiUse of treated or protected water defined as protected water source (protected well, protected spring, piped water to household or yard, or public tap), or “always” use type of water treatment (water filter, bleach or chlorine, or boiling water in the household).
Notes: Statistically significant results are bolded. Results are from relative risk regression assuming a binomial distribution except analyses denoted with an asterisk (*) which assume a Poisson distribution due to failure to converge. All estimates were adjusted for socioeconomic indicators (monthly income above/ below 5000 ksh, and caregiver education). Estimates were also adjusted for age, except estimates for the association of MDNS with age (since age was the correlate of interest).
Abbreviations: PR = prevalence ratio; 95% CI = 95% confidence interval