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. 2017 Oct 12;7:13042. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-13382-4

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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MSMC plot, effective population sizes and split times of Collas, Native American lowlanders, Siberians and Africans. Effective population size (N_e) and split time estimates are based on 1, 2 or 4 genomes for the Native Americans and on 2 and 4 genomes for the other populations. Coloured dots show where the MSMC curves based on 1, 2 or 4 genomes were joined together to provide a comprehensive representation of the changes in N_e over time for each of the analysed population. Around 100,000 years the out of Africa exit starts to reduce population size in non-Africans. Yoruba show a limited decline as they remain in Africa. N_e of Collas rises up to 30,000 units 3,000 years ago. Andean highlanders: Collas; Calchaquíes (Cachi): intermediate altitude population in Argentina (2300 m); American lowlanders: Mexican, Wichí; Siberians: Eskimo, Koryaks, Chukchi.