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. 2017 Oct 12;7:13010. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-13261-y

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Long-term cycling performance of Si-based electrodes with 2D and 3D current collectors. After the first two activation cycles at C/20 in the voltage range from 1000 mV to 10 mV were completed, the cells were cycled between 600 mV and 30 mV for the subsequently cycles, the first three of which were performed at C/10. Then, the C-rate was set to C/2 charge (alloying), while that on discharge (dealloying) was varied from C/10 to 3 C. A constant voltage step at the cutoff voltages was applied until the current dropped below C/20, except during rate performance testing. (a) Voltage profiles of the initial and fifth cycle at C/20 and C/10, respectively. (b) Capacity retention and (c) Coulombic efficiency versus the cycle number.