Table 2.
Mean mortality (percentage ± SE) of T. absoluta eggs exposed to different EO and EO-NP formulations at the various application rates in the contact toxicity on eggs (CTE) bioassay.
| Time | Application Rate (mg × mL−1) | Lemon | Mandarin | Sweet Orange | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EO | EO-NP | EO | EO-NP | EO | EO-NP | ||
| 24 h | 2.5 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 |
| 5.0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | |
| 10.0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | |
| 20.0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | |
| 40.0 | 0 ± 0b | 0 ± 0b | 0 ± 0b | 0 ± 0b | 8 ± 3.7a | 2 ± 2ab | |
| 72 h | 2.5 | 0 ± 0b | 0 ± 0b | 0 ± 0b | 2 ± 2ab | 6 ± 2.4a | 0 ± 0b |
| 5.0 | 0 ± 0c | 6 ± 4ab | 10 ± 3.2a | 8 ± 2a | 6 ± 2.4ab | 0 ± 0c | |
| 10.0 | 8 ± 4.9a | 8 ± 4.9a | 12 ± 5.8a | 8 ± 3.7a | 8 ± 2a | 6 ± 2.4a | |
| 20.0 | 10 ± 3.2a | 10 ± 3.2a | 18 ± 5.8a | 14 ± 5.1a | 8 ± 3.7a | 14 ± 2.4a | |
| 40.0 | 12 ± 4.9b | 12 ± 2b | 22 ± 3.7ab | 12 ± 5.8b | 22 ± 3.7ab | 40 ± 4.5a | |
| to adult | 2.5 | 8 ± 2a | 6 ± 4ab | 2 ± 2ab | 2 ± 2ab | 6 ± 2.4ab | 0 ± 0a |
| 5.0 | 12 ± 4.9a | 8 ± 2a | 10 ± 3.2a | 8 ± 3.7a | 10 ± 3.2a | 2 ± 2a | |
| 10.0 | 16 ± 4a | 12 ± 4.9a | 16 ± 5.1a | 10 ± 4.5a | 14 ± 5.1a | 14 ± 2.4a | |
| 20.0 | 16 ± 2.4a | 16 ± 4a | 26 ± 4a | 16 ± 5.1a | 14 ± 4a | 20 ± 0a | |
| 40.0 | 22 ± 2b | 18 ± 3.7b | 26 ± 2.4b | 26 ± 4b | 24 ± 2.4b | 46 ± 5.1a | |
Different letters within the same row indicate statistical differences at p < 0.05 (GLM, Duncan’s multiple range test). Statistics are based on transformed data.