Table 1. Demographic, anthropometric, CMRF, PA, and dietary characteristics of children and adolescents with MHO and MUO defined according to different definitions of MHO.
| Variables | CMRFs | HOMA-IR | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MHOCMRF (n = 197, 36.8%) | MUOCMRF (n = 333, 63.2%) | P value | MHOIR (n = 356, 68.8%) | MUOIR (n =174, 31.2%) | P value | |
| Demography and anthropometry | ||||||
| Age, yr | 14.8 ± 0.2 | 15.1 ± 0.2 | 0.160 | 15.2 ± 0.2 | 14.5 ± 0.3 | 0.019 |
| Sex, boys (%) | 112 (60.0) | 209 (66.1) | 0.225 | 216 (64.9) | 105 (61.6) | 0.523 |
| Height SDS | 0.35 ± 0.08 | 0.68 ± 0.06 | 0.002 | 0.44 ± 0.06 | 0.80 ± 0.07 | < 0.001 |
| Weight SDS | 1.11 ± 0.04 | 1.59 ± 0.04 | < 0.001 | 1.27 ± 0.04 | 1.73 ± 0.05 | < 0.001 |
| BMI SDS | 1.14 ± 0.03 | 1.51 ± 0.03 | < 0.001 | 1.26 ± 0.03 | 1.62 ± 0.05 | < 0.001 |
| WC, cm | 77.3 ± 0.5 | 84.7 ± 0.6 | < 0.001 | 80.8 ± 0.5 | 84.5 ± 0.9 | < 0.001 |
| WHR, % | 47.3 ± 0.2 | 51.0 ± 0.3 | < 0.001 | 48.9 ± 0.2 | 51.3 ± 0.5 | < 0.001 |
| CMRFs | ||||||
| Systolic BP, mmHg | 105.9 ± 0.8 | 111.1 ± 0.8 | < 0.001 | 108.5 ± 0.7 | 110.8 ± 0.8 | 0.025 |
| Diastolic BP, mmHg | 66.2 ± 0.6 | 69.0 ± 0.7 | 0.002 | 67.5 ± 0.6 | 69.0 ± 0.8 | 0.110 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 159.7 ± 2.3 | 166.5 ± 2.0 | 0.013 | 163.0 ± 2.0 | 166.3 ± 2.5 | 0.293 |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 50.2 ± 0.7 | 43.4 ± 0.5 | < 0.001 | 46.6 ± 0.5 | 44.5 ± 0.9 | 0.030 |
| TG, mg/dL | 78.5 ± 2.4 | 129.5 ± 6.7 | < 0.001 | 95.9 ± 3.6 | 143.4 ± 11.8 | < 0.001 |
| Insulin, mIU/L | 14.5 ± 0.4 | 18.9 ± 0.7 | < 0.001 | 12.8 ± 0.2 | 26.9 ± 0.9 | < 0.001 |
| Glucose, mg/dL | 88.6 ± 0.4 | 91.0 ± 0.5 | < 0.001 | 88.5 ± 0.3 | 93.6 ± 0.8 | < 0.001 |
| HOMA-IR | 3.2 ± 0.1 | 4.3 ± 0.2 | < 0.001 | 2.8 ± 0.0 | 6.3 ± 0.2 | < 0.001 |
| ALT, IU/L | 18.1 ± 1.1 | 24.9 ± 1.2 | < 0.001 | 19.6 ± 0.9 | 28.5 ± 2.1 | < 0.001 |
| PA | ||||||
| Moderate PA, min/day | 14.8 ± 2.5 | 13.2 ± 1.7 | 0.620 | 15.2 ± 1.9 | 10.7 ± 1.6 | 0.078 |
| Vigorous PA, min/day | 26.5 ± 4.3 | 18.5 ± 2.2 | 0.077 | 22.0 ± 2.4 | 20.2 ± 4.3 | 0.687 |
| Walk, min/day | 46.2 ± 5.1 | 47.5 ± 5.1 | 0.858 | 51.5 ± 4.9 | 36.7 ± 3.9 | 0.015 |
| Total PA, min/day | 87.5 ± 8.2 | 79.3 ± 6.0 | 0.390 | 88.7 ± 6.6 | 67.6 ± 6.8 | 0.025 |
| Diet | ||||||
| Energy intake, kcal/day | 1,945.9 ± 66.4 | 2,023.8 ± 66.0 | 0.413 | 2,031.0 ± 62.3 | 1,918.6 ± 68.2 | 0.225 |
| Carbohydrate intake, g/day | 308.2 ± 9.5 | 314.5 ± 10.0 | 0.644 | 316.0 ± 9.2 | 304.0 ± 11.1 | 0.404 |
| Carbohydrate intake, % | 64.2 ± 0.7 | 63.5 ± 0.7 | 0.441 | 63.7 ± 0.7 | 63.8 ± 0.9 | 0.917 |
| Protein intake, g/day | 66.1 ± 2.3 | 73.8 ± 2.5 | 0.029 | 72.1 ± 2.3 | 68.6 ± 2.9 | 0.351 |
| Protein intake, % | 13.8 ± 0.3 | 14.6 ± 0.2 | 0.054 | 14.3 ± 0.2 | 14.2 ± 0.4 | 0.833 |
| Fat intake, g/day | 48.9 ± 2.7 | 51.9 ± 2.5 | 0.431 | 52.2 ± 2.5 | 47.7 ± 2.3 | 0.176 |
| Fat intake, % | 22.0 ± 0.6 | 21.9 ± 0.5 | 0.868 | 21.9 ± 0.5 | 22.0 ± 0.7 | 0.936 |
| Water intake, g/day | 768.1 ± 41.8 | 852.0 ± 39.4 | 0.142 | 847.4 ± 39.8 | 765.3 ± 34.0 | 0.113 |
| Fiber intake, g/day | 5.6 ± 0.3 | 5.9 ± 0.3 | 0.430 | 5.7 ± 0.3 | 6.0 ± 0.5 | 0.572 |
Data are expressed as weighted mean ± standard error or number of cases (weighted percent).
PA = physical activity, MHO = metabolically healthy obesity, MUO = metabolically unhealthy obesity, CMRF = cardiometabolic risk factor, IR = insulin resistance, SDS = standard deviation score, BMI = body mass index, WC = waist circumference, WHR = waist-height ratio, BP = blood pressure, HDL = high-density lipoprotein, TG = triglyceride, HOMA-IR = homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, ALT = alanine transaminase.