Fig. 4. Western blotting to detect glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β in rats with spinal cord injury (SCI). (A) Representative immunoblots of phosphorylated GSK (p-GSK)-3β (Ser9), total GSK-3β (~46 kDa), and β-actin (~45 kDa). (B) The p-GSK-3β level increased significantly in the spinal cords of lithium-treated rats. To quantify GSK-3β phosphorylation, the levels of the phosphorylated form were normalized to those of total GSK-3β. Normalization was achieved by reprobing the membranes with an anti–β-actin antibody. Means±SEM (n=5 per group) are shown. ^*P<0.05 vs. the lithium-treated group. DPI, days post-injury.