Table 1.
Baseline covariates of participants in a randomized controlled trial (RCT) of the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI) Family-to-Family psychoeducation, by propensity score quintiles
| Overall
|
Quintile 1
|
Quintile 2
|
Quintile 3
|
Quintile 4
|
Quintile 5
|
|||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Total | Total | Total | Total | Total | |||||||||||||
| Covariate and group | N | N | % | N | N | % | N | N | % | N | N | % | N | N | % | N | N | % |
| RCT waitlist for Family-to-Family | ||||||||||||||||||
| White consumers | 140 | 88 | 63 | 18 | 13 | 72 | 26 | 13 | 50 | 31 | 26 | 84 | 30 | 18 | 60 | 35 | 18 | 51 |
| Married or living as if married | 140 | 83 | 59 | 18 | 13 | 72 | 26 | 17 | 65 | 31 | 17 | 55 | 30 | 20 | 67 | 35 | 16 | 46 |
| Family income >$50,000 | 140 | 95 | 68 | 18 | 13 | 72 | 26 | 21 | 81 | 31 | 22 | 71 | 30 | 21 | 70 | 35 | 18 | 51 |
| Objective daily living assistance rating (M±SD)a | 140 | 1.2±1.0 | 18 | 1.3±1.0 | 26 | 1.6±1.1 | 31 | 1.4±1.0 | 30 | 1.0±.9 | 35 | .9±.9 | ||||||
| Attended any formal NAMI educational programs | 140 | 33 | 24 | 18 | 8 | 44 | 26 | 4 | 15 | 31 | 6 | 19 | 30 | 8 | 27 | 35 | 7 | 20 |
| Male consumers | 140 | 72 | 51 | 18 | 11 | 61 | 26 | 15 | 58 | 31 | 18 | 58 | 30 | 14 | 47 | 35 | 14 | 40 |
| Any psychiatric hospitalization in past 6 months | 140 | 42 | 30 | 18 | 10 | 56 | 26 | 15 | 58 | 31 | 9 | 29 | 30 | 3 | 10 | 35 | 5 | 14 |
| Knowledge (M±SD % correct) | 140 | 57.3±17.3 | 18 | 43.9±20.6 | 26 | 55.3±14.9 | 31 | 60.4±17.7 | 30 | 60.5±12.1 | 35 | 60.1±18.0 | ||||||
| Problem solving (M±SD)b | 136 | 13.2±2.9 | 18 | 13.8±4.2 | 26 | 13.0±2.5 | 30 | 12.8±2.3 | 30 | 13.1±2.4 | 32 | 13.3±3.3 | ||||||
| Anxiety (M±SD)c | 140 | 53.2±10.1 | 18 | 52.7±8.5 | 26 | 49.8±9.2 | 31 | 52.3±9.5 | 30 | 54.1±10.7 | 35 | 56.1±11.0 | ||||||
| Global Severity Index (M±SD)d | 140 | 53.2±9.8 | 18 | 51.8±6.2 | 26 | 49.6±8.5 | 31 | 51.9±10.0 | 30 | 52.6±9.1 | 35 | 58.3±11.0 | ||||||
| Empowerment in aspect of family (M±SD)e | 140 | 3.4±.7 | 18 | 2.9±.7 | 26 | 3.4±.7 | 31 | 3.3±.6 | 30 | 3.3±.6 | 35 | 3.5±.7 | ||||||
| Empowerment in aspect of service (M±SD)e | 140 | 3.1±.9 | 18 | 2.6±.8 | 26 | 3.3±1.1 | 31 | 3.0±.9 | 30 | 2.9±.8 | 35 | 3.5±.9 | ||||||
| Empowerment in aspect of community (M±SD)e | 140 | 2.4±.8 | 18 | 1.9±.5 | 26 | 2.4±.8 | 31 | 2.2±.6 | 30 | 2.3±.5 | 35 | 2.9±.9 | ||||||
| Acceptance (M±SD)f | 139 | 12.4±2.6 | 18 | 11.7±3.1 | 26 | 12.8±2.3 | 30 | 12.5±2.2 | 30 | 12.5±2.3 | 35 | 12.5±2.9 | ||||||
| Depression (M±SD)g | 139 | 10.1±8.7 | 17 | 8.5±6.5 | 26 | 8.5±6.3 | 31 | 8.4±7.0 | 30 | 9.5±8.1 | 35 | 14.0±11.8 | ||||||
| Worry (M±SD)h | 140 | 1.8±.5 | 18 | 1.6±.5 | 26 | 1.8±.5 | 31 | 1.7±.4 | 30 | 1.9±.5 | 35 | 1.8±.5 | ||||||
| Subjective burden (M±SD)h | 140 | 2.6±.5 | 18 | 2.4±.5 | 26 | 2.5±.5 | 31 | 2.7±.5 | 30 | 2.7±.5 | 35 | 2.7±.5 | ||||||
| RCT Family-to-Family participants | ||||||||||||||||||
| White consumers | 152 | 90 | 59 | 18 | 14 | 78 | 21 | 16 | 76 | 34 | 23 | 68 | 41 | 21 | 51 | 38 | 16 | 42 |
| Married or living as if married | 152 | 97 | 64 | 18 | 15 | 83 | 21 | 16 | 76 | 34 | 26 | 76 | 41 | 22 | 54 | 38 | 18 | 47 |
| Family income >$50,000 | 152 | 104 | 68 | 18 | 14 | 78 | 21 | 19 | 90 | 34 | 21 | 62 | 41 | 29 | 71 | 38 | 21 | 55 |
| Objective daily living assistance rating (M±SD)a | 152 | 1.1±.9 | 18 | 1.2±1.0 | 21 | 1.4±.9 | 34 | 1.0±.9 | 41 | .9±.9 | 38 | 1.0±1.0 | ||||||
| Attended any formal NAMI educational programs | 152 | 18 | 12 | 18 | 3 | 17 | 21 | 1 | 5 | 34 | 6 | 18 | 41 | 5 | 12 | 38 | 3 | 8 |
| Male consumers | 152 | 84 | 55 | 18 | 14 | 78 | 21 | 15 | 71 | 34 | 19 | 56 | 41 | 21 | 51 | 38 | 15 | 39 |
| Any psychiatric hospitalization in past 6 months | 152 | 51 | 34 | 18 | 10 | 56 | 21 | 10 | 48 | 34 | 12 | 35 | 41 | 14 | 34 | 38 | 5 | 13 |
| Knowledge (M±SD % correct) | 152 | 58.3±17.8 | 18 | 44.4±18.2 | 21 | 61.0±12.4 | 34 | 55.9±18.5 | 41 | 61.7±18.6 | 38 | 61.9±15.7 | ||||||
| Problem solving (M±SD)b | 151 | 12.8±2.9 | 18 | 14.0±3.3 | 21 | 13.2±3.0 | 34 | 12.4±2.8 | 40 | 12.3±2.7 | 38 | 12.8±2.9 | ||||||
| Anxiety (M±SD)c | 152 | 52.6±9.2 | 18 | 51.6±10.1 | 21 | 48.7±9.9 | 34 | 54.4±10.2 | 41 | 51.7±8.1 | 38 | 54.5±8.0 | ||||||
| Global Severity Index (M±SD)d | 152 | 51.9±9.3 | 18 | 50.3±11.6 | 21 | 48.6±8.9 | 34 | 53.6±9.1 | 41 | 50.7±7.9 | 38 | 54.4±9.3 | ||||||
| Empowerment in aspect of family (M±SD)e | 152 | 3.5±.6 | 18 | 3.0±.7 | 21 | 3.4±.7 | 34 | 3.4±.6 | 41 | 3.6±.5 | 38 | 3.6±.5 | ||||||
| Empowerment in aspect of service (M±SD)e | 152 | 3.2±.9 | 18 | 2.7±1.0 | 21 | 3.0±1.0 | 34 | 3.3±.9 | 41 | 3.3±.7 | 38 | 3.4±.8 | ||||||
| Empowerment in aspect of community (M±SD)e | 152 | 2.6±.8 | 18 | 2.0±.9 | 21 | 2.5±.6 | 34 | 2.3±.7 | 41 | 2.8±.7 | 38 | 2.8±.8 | ||||||
| Acceptance (M±SD)f | 151 | 12.9±2.3 | 18 | 12.5±2.5 | 21 | 13.8±1.4 | 33 | 12.4±2.7 | 41 | 12.9±2.3 | 38 | 13.0±2.2 | ||||||
| Depression (M±SD)g | 149 | 8.6±7.2 | 18 | 8.7±6.2 | 21 | 6.1±6.9 | 33 | 9.2±6.0 | 39 | 8.5±8.2 | 38 | 9.3±7.7 | ||||||
| Worry (M±SD)h | 152 | 1.8±.5 | 18 | 1.7±.4 | 21 | 1.8±.4 | 34 | 1.8±.5 | 41 | 1.9±.6 | 38 | 1.8±.5 | ||||||
| Subjective burden (M±SD)h | 152 | 2.6±.5 | 18 | 2.5±.3 | 21 | 2.6±.5 | 34 | 2.7±.5 | 41 | 2.7±.4 | 38 | 2.6±.5 | ||||||
| Decliners (no RCT random assignment) | ||||||||||||||||||
| White consumers | 117 | 82 | 70 | 46 | 34 | 74 | 35 | 29 | 83 | 17 | 12 | 71 | 11 | 5 | 45 | 8 | 2 | 25 |
| Married or living as if married | 117 | 82 | 70 | 46 | 35 | 76 | 35 | 26 | 74 | 17 | 9 | 53 | 11 | 6 | 55 | 8 | 6 | 75 |
| Family income >$50,000 | 117 | 91 | 78 | 46 | 42 | 91 | 35 | 27 | 77 | 17 | 13 | 76 | 11 | 7 | 64 | 8 | 2 | 25 |
| Objective daily living assistance rating (M±SD)a | 117 | 1.3±1.0 | 46 | 1.6±1.0 | 35 | 1.4±1.1 | 17 | 1.2±.9 | 11 | .7±.6 | 8 | .6±.7 | ||||||
| Attended any formal NAMI educational programs | 117 | 30 | 26 | 46 | 18 | 39 | 35 | 6 | 17 | 17 | 4 | 24 | 11 | 2 | 18 | 8 | 0 | — |
| Male consumers | 117 | 74 | 63 | 46 | 33 | 72 | 35 | 21 | 60 | 17 | 10 | 59 | 11 | 5 | 45 | 8 | 5 | 63 |
| Any psychiatric hospitalization in past 6 months | 117 | 58 | 50 | 46 | 36 | 78 | 35 | 16 | 46 | 17 | 5 | 29 | 11 | 1 | 9 | 8 | 0 | — |
| Knowledge (M±SD % correct) | 117 | 54.0±17.5 | 46 | 50.2±18.6 | 35 | 57.3±17.5 | 17 | 60.8±11.7 | 11 | 52.4±18.8 | 8 | 48.8±14.8 | ||||||
| Problem solving (M±SD)b | 109 | 13.1±2.4 | 43 | 12.7±2.2 | 31 | 13.2±2.2 | 17 | 13.2±3.1 | 10 | 14.6±2.5 | 8 | 12.9±2.6 | ||||||
| Anxiety (M±SD)c | 117 | 51.6±10.2 | 46 | 51.7±11.4 | 35 | 49.7±9.3 | 17 | 52.9±6.8 | 11 | 55.3±8.9 | 8 | 51.5±14.3 | ||||||
| Global Severity Index (M±SD)d | 117 | 50.7±10.7 | 46 | 50.2±12.4 | 35 | 49.4±9.2 | 17 | 51.3±7.3 | 11 | 55.3±10.3 | 8 | 51.8±13.6 | ||||||
| Empowerment in aspect of family (M±SD)e | 117 | 3.3±.6 | 46 | 3.3±.5 | 35 | 3.3±.6 | 17 | 3.4±.7 | 11 | 3.2±.6 | 8 | 3.6±.7 | ||||||
| Empowerment in aspect of service (M±SD)e | 117 | 3.1±.8 | 46 | 3.2±.7 | 35 | 3.1±.8 | 17 | 3.1±.7 | 11 | 2.9±.7 | 8 | 3.7±1.0 | ||||||
| Empowerment in aspect of community (M±SD)e | 117 | 2.3±.7 | 46 | 2.1±.6 | 35 | 2.2±.7 | 17 | 2.4±.7 | 11 | 2.8±.8 | 8 | 2.5±1.0 | ||||||
| Acceptance (M±SD)f | 116 | 12.6±2.2 | 45 | 12.6±2.3 | 35 | 12.9±1.9 | 17 | 13.4±1.5 | 11 | 11.4±2.7 | 8 | 11.6±3.5 | ||||||
| Depression (M±SD)g | 117 | 8.8±7.0 | 46 | 9.0±8.0 | 35 | 7.6±5.0 | 17 | 8.3±6.1 | 11 | 11.2±9.0 | 8 | 10.8±6.9 | ||||||
| Worry (M±SD)h | 117 | 1.7±.4 | 46 | 1.8±.4 | 35 | 1.8±.4 | 17 | 1.7±.4 | 11 | 1.7±.5 | 8 | 2.0±.5 | ||||||
| Subjective burden (M±SD)h | 117 | 2.6±.5 | 46 | 2.5±.5 | 35 | 2.7±.4 | 17 | 2.6±.5 | 11 | 2.3±.6 | 8 | 2.9±.5 | ||||||
a
From the Family Experience Interview Schedule. Possible scores range from 0 to 4, with higher scores indicating more frequent assistance in daily life.
b
From the Family Assessment Device. Possible scores range from 6 to 24, with higher scores indicating worse problem solving.
c
T scores range from 38 to 81, with higher scores indicating more anxiety symptoms.
d
T scores range from 33 to 81, with higher scores indicating more global symptoms.
e
Family Empowerment Scale. Possible scores range from 1 to 5, with higher scores indicating more empowerment.
f
From the COPE. Possible scores range from 4 to 16, with higher scores indicating better coping.
g
As measured on the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. Possible scores ranges from 0 to 42, with higher scores indicating more severe depression symptoms.
h
Family Member Questionnaire. Possible scores range from 1 to 4, with higher scores indicating less worry and fewer burdens.