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. 2017 Sep 26;117(19):12385–12414. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00259

Figure 23.

Figure 23

Water molecules orient at interfaces to favor hydrogen bonding. Air above liquid water acts like a hydrophobic surface. In order to minimize the loss of H-bonding interactions, interfacial water will tend to orient such that either a single proton or electron lone pair points toward the air.275