Table 5.

Multilevel logistic regression models testing the association between orphanhood and HIV prevalence among adolescents aged 15–17 years tested for HIV in 19 African countries

	Females		Males
	Model 1 OR (CI)	Model 2 OR (CI)	Model 3 OR (CI)	Model 4 OR (CI)
Orphanhood
Both parents alive	ref	ref	ref	ref
Paternal orphan	1.63**	1.60**	1.37	1.40
	(1.23 – 2.17)	(1.20 – 2.13)	(0.90 – 2.07)	(0.92 – 2.11)
Maternal orphan	2.62***	2.59***	2.64***	2.61***
	(1.79 – 3.84)	(1.77 – 3.80)	(1.58 – 4.44)	(1.55 – 4.40)
Double orphan	3.11***	3.03***	3.17***	3.20***
	(2.24 – 4.31)	(2.18 – 4.21)	(2.00 – 5.02)	(2.02 – 5.07)
Parental HIV
Neither HIV+	ref	ref	ref	ref
Mother HIV+	1.87**	1.93**	2.55**	2.46**
	(1.26 – 2.78)	(1.30 – 2.88)	(1.50 – 4.35)	(1.44 – 4.21)
Father HIV+	1.38	1.41	1.78	1.75
	(0.75 – 2.53)	(0.77 – 2.60)	(0.88 – 3.61)	(0.86 – 3.55)
Age
15 years		ref		ref
16 years		1.22		1.03
		(0.93 – 1.60)		(0.72 – 1.47)
17 years		1.34*		0.91
		(1.01 – 1.77)		(0.62 – 1.32)
Married		1.38+		1.36
		(0.97 – 1.98)		(0.16 – 11.44)
Education
None		ref		ref
Some or completed primary		0.71		2.11
		(0.42 – 1.20)		(0.73 – 6.11)
Completed secondary		0.45		1.52
		(0.10 – 2.07)		(0.14 – 16.54)
Wealth Quintile
Poorest		ref		ref
Poor		1.11		1.1
		(0.76 – 1.62)		(0.64 – 1.90)
Middle		1.01		1.22
		(0.69 – 1.48)		(0.72 – 2.06)
Richer		1.03		0.99
		(0.69 – 1.52)		(0.56 – 1.75)
Richest		0.9		1.48
		(0.58 – 1.39)		(0.81 – 2.70)
Residence
Urban		ref		ref
Rural		0.60***		0.74
		(0.44 – 0.82)		(0.47 – 1.15)
Random Effects	Variance (CI)	Variance (CI)	Variance (CI)	Variance (CI)
Survey	1.27 (0.62 – 2.61)	1.43 (0.70 – 2.94)	0.83 (0.36 – 1.93)	0.80 (0.34 – 1.86)
Strata	0.06 (0.00 – 0.82)	0.00 (0.00 – 0.00)	0.16 (0.02 – 1.15)	0.09 (0.00 – 2.62)
Community	0.38 (0.10–1.49)	0.40 (0.11 – 1.49)	1.40 (0.64 – 3.03)	1.46 (0.68 – 3.12)
N	20,068	20,066	17,945	17,944

^***p<0.001,

^**p<0.01,

^*p<0.05,

⁺p<0.10