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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Oct 13.
Published in final edited form as: Joint Bone Spine. 2016 Sep 20;84(4):421–426. doi: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2016.07.005

Fig. 1. Multiple T helper cell lineages participate in GCA.

Fig. 1

CD4 T cells are the dominant cell population in the vasculitic lesions of GCA, where they partner with macrophages to build granulomatous infiltrates. Based on the production of signature cytokines, CD4 helper cell are subcategorized into distinct effector cell lineages. Vessel wall infiltrates in GCA patients are characterized by a broad array of T helper cell types, suggestive for a broad defect in T cell biology.